ArticleStem cell research & therapy2025
Induction of the p21/CDK6 pathway and alteration of the immune microenvironment by the stem cell marker CBX3 in melanoma.
Article in Stem cell research & therapy, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- 4-Hydroxychalcone Exert the Anti-cancer Potential in Colorectal Cancer Through Targeting CDK6.Biological procedures online · 2026Article
- The Role of Human Endogenous Retroviruses in the Initiation and Progression of Melanoma.Biomedicines · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundAs one of the stem cell markers, chromobox protein homolog 3 (CBX3) participates in multiple signaling pathways that affect the progression of various tumors. However, the role of CBX3 in melanoma remains unclear, and the mechanisms by which CBX3 may regulate immunotherapy outcome remain largely unknown.
methodsWe used the Cancer Genome Atlas, Genotype-Tissue Expression portal, and Gene Expression Omnibus database to estimate CBX3 expression and its prognostic effect in melanoma. The role of CBX3 in proliferation and migration of melanoma cells were examined using the CCK8, cloning, wound healing, and transwell assays. The effect of CBX3 on melanoma tumorigenesis was assessed using an in vivo animal model. The role of CBX3 in cell cycle was examined using flow cytometry, and expression levels of cell cycle-related genes and proteins in cells with altered CBX3 levels were analyzed using qPCR and western blotting. The function of CBX3 in the immune microenvironment of melanoma was studied using single-cell RNA sequencing and public databases.
resultsWe found that CBX3 was highly expressed in melanoma with poor prognosis. CBX3 promoted the proliferation and migration of melanoma cells in vivo and in vitro. Functional analysis revealed that CBX3 regulates cell cycle, as it accelerated the G1 to S transition, decreased p21 expression, and increased CDK6 expression. Finally, single-cell sequencing and immune-related assays showed that CBX3 is immunogenic and can change the immune microenvironment of melanoma.
conclusionsWe conclude that the stem cell marker, CBX3 activates the p21/CDK6 pathway and alters the immune microenvironment in melanoma.
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