ArticleBMC public health2025
Factors enhancing operation and maintenance of sanitation facilities for improved service levels in Kampala Schools.
Article in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Assessment of water, sanitation and hygiene interventions in primary schools: a case study of Uasin Gishu County, Kenya.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Stakeholder priorities for sustaining operations and maintenance of school sanitation facilities in Kampala City, Uganda.Discover public health · 2026Article
- Risk-based prioritization of operation and maintenance indicators for school sanitation decision support in Kampala City, Uganda.Discover water · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This study explores the critical roles of Operation and Maintenance (O&M) in influencing sanitation service levels, as outlined by the Joint Monitoring Program (JMP), in schools across Kampala City. In consideration of access, technology, and condition of sanitation facilities, the JMP classifies sanitation services in schools as basic, limited and no service levels. A cross-sectional study approach and systematic random sampling techniques were used to collect data from 274 schools (selected from 852) using checklists and questionnaires. Results show that 62% and 38% of the schools are operating at limited and basic sanitation service levels respectively. No school was at the "no service" level. Binary logistic regression identified toilet technology, flushing method, cleanliness, and special sanitation budgets as significant O&M factors (P < 0.005). The logistic regression model predicted sanitation levels with 67% accuracy (Chi-Square = 52.251, P < 0.001, Cox and Snell R
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