East and West admixture in eastern China of Tang Dynasty inferred from ancient human genomes.

The ancestry composition and Sinicisation process of the descendants of the immigrants of Hu people living in ancient China are largely unknown due to the lack of genetic evidence. Tang Dynasty people in Fudamen cemetery () excavated from Shandong province in eastern China are believed to be related to the descendants of Hu people, as some of the individuals with the surnames An (). The genetic origin of the Fudamen population requires genetic clarification using ancient DNA data. Here we successfully obtain genome-wide SNP data for 17 Tang dynasty individuals from Fudamen cemetery. Based on autosomal data, although all Fudamen individuals show high levels of middle reaches of Yellow River-related ancestry as previously published historical period Shandong populations, 2 Fudamen individuals require ~5% Western Eurasian/Central Asian-related ancestry to describe their ancestry composition best. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first evidence of such ancestry in Shandong, the eastern part of today's China. Moreover, the admixture pattern is also reflected by the presence of both west and east Eurasian-specific mtDNA and Y chromosomal haplogroups in Fudamen people. The estimated admixture time is also consistent with periods when Sogdians and other non-Han populations were active in ancient China. These genomic findings suggest that intermarriage with Han Chinese involved the Sinicization process of the Hu people.