SynthesisEuropean journal of neurology2025
Cognitive Outcomes of Advanced Therapies in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review of Apomorphine and Levodopa-Carbidopa Intestinal Gel Therapies.
Synthesis in European journal of neurology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Neuropsychiatric Adverse Events Associated With Foslevodopa/Foscarbidopa Continuous Subcutaneous Infusion in Clinical Practice: A Multicenter Study.European journal of neurology · 2026Observational
- Switching from Levodopa/Carbidopa Intestinal Gel to Continuous Subcutaneous Foslevodopa/Carbidopa Infusion in Advanced Parkinson's Disease: A Case Series.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2026Article
- Twenty-five-year experience with apomorphine pump in Parkinson's disease: A real-life long-term retrospective tolerance study.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundParkinson's disease (PD) treatments, such as apomorphine (APO) and levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG), represent advanced therapeutic options for managing motor symptoms. However, clear selection criteria and well-defined cognitive outcomes are lacking. This systematic review specifically aimed to address these gaps by assessing the cognitive impact of APO and LCIG in PD patients.
methodsA systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines, with searches in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase. Two authors screened studies based on key inclusion criteria, including at least two cognitive tests, and a follow-up of 6 months or more. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS).
resultsFifteen studies were identified (7 APO and 8 LCIG). APO generally preserved cognitive function over a 12-month follow-up, with some decreases in visuospatial memory and executive functions. LCIG, with a 28-month follow-up, showed more extensive cognitive decline, particularly in patients with pre-existing impairments. Variability in cognitive tests made direct comparisons difficult. DISCUSSION: APO may have a more favorable cognitive profile than LCIG. However, differences in follow-up duration, moderate risk of bias, and inconsistent cognitive assessments warrant cautious interpretation. Improved patient selection and comprehensive cognitive evaluations are recommended for future practice.
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