ArticleInternational journal of nanomedicine2025
Permeability-Enhancing and Protective Effect on Small Intestine of Punicic Acid in Different Forms and Their Nanoemulsions With Low Toxicity.
Article in International journal of nanomedicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Punicic acid ethyl ester, a superior absorption-enhancer over pomegranate seed oil, dramatically improves quercetin bioavailabilityInternational journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Article
- Innovative Therapeutic Potential of Herbal Extracts Containing Punicic and Ellagic Acid: Addressing Lower Urinary Tract Disorders.Current molecular medicine · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
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Abstract
Purpose: Most absorption enhancers boost the oral absorption of drugs via increasing intestinal permeability. However, they often damage intestinal mucosa and induce inflammatory reactions. The aim of this study is to synthesize a new absorption enhancer, punicic acid ethyl ester (PAEE), with excellent absorption-prompting effect and low toxicity. Methods: The structure of PAEE was confirmed by NMR, MS, IR and UV. Setting oleic acid (OA) as the control, the three forms of punicic acid (PA), ie, free PA, PAEE, and pomegranate seed oil, in which PA exists in the form of triglyceride, were formulated into nanoemulsions (NE). The stability, physiochemical properties of the oils and NE were compared. The permeation-enhancing effect was estimated by phenol red intestinal transport experiments. The potential damage on small intestines was assessed by biochemical assay and pathological section. Results: Though the three forms of PA had various strength in enhancing intestinal permeability, the difference was not significant (p > 0.05). Moreover, the effect was notably stronger than that of OA (p < 0.05) and was inversely related to the density and required HLB value of the oils. Compared to the corresponding oils, the NE exhibited much weaker effect in prompting intestinal permeability. Oral administration of OA and OA NE for 10 d impaired intestinal mucosa and villi along with strong inflammatory reactions in the small intestines. In contrast, the oils from PA series and their NE did not induce obvious intestinal inflammation. PAEE and its NE hindered the release of cytokines and increased the ratio of intestinal villus length to crypt depth. Conclusion: PAEE is a promising absorption enhancer with a strong permeability-prompting effect and mucosa-protecting capacity against intestinal inflammation. It provides a practical strategy to enhance the bioavailability of the drugs with poor biological membrane penetration.
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