ArticleJournal of epidemiology and global health2025
Epidemiology of Multiple Sclerosis: Global, Regional, National and Sub-National-Level Estimates and Future Projections.
Article in Journal of epidemiology and global health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The efficacy of surgical interventions for trigeminal neuralgia in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review.Neurosurgical review · 2026Pooled it
- The role of AI-assisted drug repurposing in neurological disorders: a systematic review of validation strategies, challenges and opportunities.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Pooled it
- The association between depressive symptoms and sleep quality in patients with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC neurology · 2026Pooled it
- Neuro-Behavioral Improvement and Mechanistic Pathways of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Exosomes in Experimental Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2026Pooled it
- Intrathecal Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial (SMART-MS).Neurology · 2026Trial
- Five Years of Ublituximab in Multiple Sclerosis: ULTIMATE I and II Open-Label Extension Study.JAMA neurology · 2026Trial
- Vitamin D3 Supplementation Modulates Inflammatory Protein CHI3L1/YKL-40 and Oxidative Stress Status in Multiple Sclerosis.Neuropsychopharmacology reports · 2025Trial
- Multiple Sclerosis and Viruses: « Liaisons Dangereuses ».Reviews in medical virology · 2026Review
- Shorter Leukocyte telomere length as a marker of biological aging in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2026Article
- HLA-DRB1 Polymorphisms Modulate the Dynamic Compatibility between the Presentation of EBNA1ACS omega · 2026Article
- Selective associations between cognitive practice effects and reactive balance adaptation in multiple sclerosis.Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists · 2026Article
- The IL-1β-STING Signaling Axis Drives Neuromyelitis Optica Pathogenesis in a Murine Model.Annals of neurology · 2026Article
- Immune reconstitution and tolerance-inducing therapies as promising therapeutic approaches in multiple sclerosis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Review
- Understanding the Role of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Article
- EBV-informed multi-omics target prioritization and structure-based drug repurposing reveal potential therapeutic strategies for multiple sclerosis.Functional & integrative genomics · 2026Article
- Reproductive, Dietary, and Physical Activity Factors Associated With Multiple Sclerosis: A Case-Control Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Deep learning-based neuroanatomical profiling reveals population-specific brain changes in multiple sclerosis: a large-scale Middle Eastern study.BMC medical imaging · 2026Observational
- Reliable Uncertainty Under Class Imbalance and Distribution Shift: Class-Conditional Conformal Prediction of Multiple Sclerosis.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Broadening the understanding of fatigue in multiple sclerosis: a qualitative study protocol of the EMA-FAMS project.BMJ open · 2026Article
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe epidemiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is complex due to the interaction of various risk factors. This study assesses the global, regional, national and sub-national burden of MS and predicts future trends.
methodsData from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 was analyzed to assess the epidemiology of MS from 1990 to 2021. Data from the World Bank was used to determine the socio-demographic predictors of MS prevalence using multivariate analysis.
resultsGlobally, 1.89 million people live with MS, with over 62,000 new cases diagnosed in 2021. The global prevalence of MS is 23.9 cases per 100,000 population, with a continuous increase over the past three decades. North America and Western Europe had the highest prevalence, incidence, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and mortality rates. Countries with the highest prevalence were Sweden (219 /100,000 population), Canada (182), Norway (176), Ireland (163), and the UK (158). Analysis of subnational level data from US revealed that northern states such as Utah, Montana, and Rhode Island had incidence rates double those of southern states such as Hawaii, Mississippi and Louisiana.
conclusionsThe burden of MS is rising worldwide, especially in developed countries. To reduce this burden, it is essential to understand the distribution and risk factors of MS, and to address healthcare disparities in early diagnosis, access to treatment and social services.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.