ReviewGastroenterology2025
Immune Dysfunction and Infection Risk in Advanced Liver Disease.
Review in Gastroenterology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed.
- A Distinct Immune Signature Characterizes Cirrhosis in Ethiopian Individuals With Chronic HBV Infection.Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics · 2026Article
- Uncovering immune dysfunction in ACLF: Cellular mechanisms, molecular pathways, and therapeutic frontiers.Journal of hepatology · 2026Review
- Association of a Reported Penicillin Allergy Label With Clinical Outcomes in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease.Alcohol, clinical & experimental research · 2026Article
- Risk Factors for Secondary Immunodeficiency in the Aged.The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice · 2026Review
- Review
- Multidrug resistant bacterial infection in liver transplant recipients: A Deterrent and obstacle.Pakistan journal of medical sciences · 2026Article
- Gut Microbiota, Immunity, and Metabolism in the Progression From Chronic Liver Disease to Hepatocellular Carcinoma.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Microplastics, nanoplastics and liver disease: an emerging health concern?Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2026Review
- [Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with multidrug-resistant bacterial infections combined with severe liver disease].Zhonghua gan zang bing za zhi = Zhonghua ganzangbing zazhi = Chinese journal of hepatology · 2026Review
- Not just another shot: Tailoring vaccination in the era of modern liver transplantation.World journal of transplantation · 2026Review
- [Research progress on cellular senescence and liver diseases].Zhonghua gan zang bing za zhi = Zhonghua ganzangbing zazhi = Chinese journal of hepatology · 2026Review
- The Gastrointestinal Barrier-Mechanisms of Barrier Dysfunction in Liver Cirrhosis and Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Machine learning-driven clinical decision support for liver cirrhosis: a gut microbiome-based web prediction model with explainable AI integration.BMC gastroenterology · 2026Article
- Microbiome alternative treatments for hepatic encephalopathy: Reassessment of the potential use of lactose in lactase non-persistent cirrhosis patients.Canadian liver journal · 2026Article
- Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Patients With Chronic Liver Diseases: A Latin American Multicenter Study.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Monocyte-to-HDL ratio predicts 30-day mortality in middle-aged and elderly patients with HBV-related decompensated cirrhosis.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Palliative Healthy Donor Stool Transplantation (pFMT) in Patients with End-Stage Alcohol-Related Cirrhosis and Severe Unstable Decompensations-A Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Multidrug-resistant colonization in decompensated cirrhosis outside the ICU predicts infection and poor outcomes.JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology · 2026Article
- Single-cell multimodal analysis reveals the dynamic immunopathogenesis of HBV-ACLF progression.Gut · 2026Article
- Dysfunctional macrophages along the gut-liver axis: a driver of infection in cirrhosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The risk of microbial infections is increased in cirrhosis and other forms of advanced liver disease such as alcohol-associated hepatitis. Such infections may precipitate new or further decompensation and death, especially in patients with clinical features of acute-on-chronic liver failure. The severe immune dysfunction or "immune paralysis" caused by advanced liver disease is associated with high short-term mortality. However, the pathogenic mechanisms underlying immune dysfunction and immunodeficiency are incompletely understood. Evidence to date suggests a complex, dynamic process that perturbs the physiological roles of the liver as a master regulator of systemic immunity and protector against noxious effects of exogenous molecules in the portal vein flowing from the gut. Thus, in cirrhosis and severe alcohol-associated hepatitis, the ability of hepatocytes and intrahepatic immune cells to balance normal context-dependent dichotomous responses of tolerance vs immune activation is lost. Contributing factors include loss of the gut barrier with translocation of microbial products through the portal vein, culminating in development of functional defects in innate and adaptive immune cells, and generation of immune-regulatory myeloid cells that permit microbial colonization and infection. This review addresses key evidence supporting the paradigm of immune dysfunction as a risk for microbial infections and identifies potential therapeutic targets for intervention. The primary focus is on cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction and alcohol-associated liver disease, because the bulk of available data are from these 2 conditions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.