Fusion of EEG and EMG signals for detecting pre-movement intention of sitting and standing in healthy individuals and patients with spinal cord injury.

Introduction: Rehabilitation devices assist individuals with movement disorders by supporting daily activities and facilitating effective rehabilitation training. Accurate and early motor intention detection is vital for real-time device applications. However, traditional methods of motor intention detection often rely on single-mode signals, such as EEG or EMG alone, which can be limited by low signal quality and reduced stability. This study proposes a multimodal fusion method based on EEG-EMG functional connectivity to detect sitting and standing intentions before movement execution, enabling timely intervention and reducing latency in rehabilitation devices. Methods: Eight healthy subjects and five spinal cord injury (SCI) patients performed cue-based sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit transition tasks while EEG and EMG data were recorded simultaneously. We constructed EEG-EMG functional connectivity networks using data epochs from the 1.5-s period prior to movement onset. Pairwise spatial filters were then designed to extract discriminative spatial network topologies. Each filter paired with a support vector machine classifier to classify future movements into one of three classes: sit-to-stand, stand-to-sit, or rest. The final prediction was determined using a majority voting scheme. Results: Among the three functional connectivity methods investigated-coherence, Pearson correlation coefficient and mutual information (MI)-the MI-based EEG-EMG network showed the highest decoding performance (94.33%), outperforming both EEG (73.89%) and EMG (89.16%). The robustness of the fusion method was further validated through a fatigue training experiment with healthy subjects. The fusion method achieved 92.87% accuracy during the post-fatigue stage, with no significant difference compared to the pre-fatigue stage ( Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that the proposed multimodal fusion method significantly enhances the performance of detecting human motor intentions. By enabling early detection of sitting and standing intentions, this method holds the potential to offer more accurate and timely interventions within rehabilitation systems.