ArticleOrthopedic reviews2025
State of the Nonunion: A review of the latest literature.
Article in Orthopedic reviews, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Fracture healing: from molecular and cellular mechanisms to therapeutic strategies.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Review
- Persistent CRP Elevation at 4 Weeks Is Associated with Delayed Union After Polytrauma: An Exploratory Retrospective Cohort Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Adjuvants Alter the Setting Behavior of a Ceramic Bone Graft Substitute: Implications for the Laboratory and Operating Room.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Incidence and risk factors for fixation failure of femoral neck fractures in adults: a single-center multifactorial analysis.Langenbeck's archives of surgery · 2026Article
- Deficient early canonical BMP9-SMAD signaling and dysregulated macrophage microenvironment characterize the failure of bone healing in a critical-size defect model.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Advancing the 3Rs in bone tissue engineering: emergingFrontiers in physiology · 2026Review
- Forearm Nonunion and Segmental Bone Defects: A Focused Review of Masquelet Reconstruction and Free Vascularized Bone Grafting.Orthopedic research and reviews · 2026Review
- Modern Approaches and Emerging Biological Therapies to Treat Fracture Nonunion.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Nonunion in Long Bone Fractures: A Comprehensive Review of Current Treatment Strategies.Cureus · 2025Review
- Management of Fracture Non-union in Children: A Literature Review With Two Case Studies.Cureus · 2025Article
- Factors associated with decline in ambulatory ability following intramedullary nailing of 42A-C diaphyseal tibia fractures.Journal of clinical orthopaedics and trauma · 2025Article
- Article
- Epigenetic Control of Osteogenesis: Pathways Toward Improved Bone Regeneration.Current osteoporosis reports · 2025Review
- Regenerative Surgery of the Nonunion of Metacarpals and Phalanges: Amniotic Membrane and Bone Micro-Grafts as a Novel Treatment Approach.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Revolutionizing Nonunion Treatment: The Expanding Role of Local Biological Therapies.Orthopedic reviews · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The distinction between prolonged bone healing and nonunion in long bone fracture remains a historical challenge in the field of orthopedics. Despite numerous proposed definitions and scoring systems, a consensus remains elusive, thereby complicating both diagnosis and treatment. An accurate diagnosis is necessary, facilitated by a range of imaging modalities. Bone nonunion management encompasses surgical and non-surgical options, including external or internal fixation, and bone grafting, tailored to the nonunion type. This review discusses the pathophysiology of nonunion, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment. It particularly addresses early detection and the impacts of nonunion on the patient. The aim of this review is to obtain a global and updated point of view regarding nonunion of the bone as well as to reflect on the potential use of untraditional methods in their treatment such as orthobiologics, along with emerging and non-invasive technologies including shockwave therapy, gene therapy, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine and 3D printing.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.