ArticleThe Journal of allergy and clinical immunology2025
Real-life observation of wildfire smoke-impaired COVID-19 vaccine immunity.
Article in The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- A Flexible and Responsive Remote Study Design to Assess Gene Expression Changes During Wildfire Smoke Exposure with homeRNA, an At-home Blood Sampling Kit.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
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14 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundWildfires are increasingly common, with wildfire smoke affecting millions globally; yet, its impact on immune responses is poorly understood.
objectiveThis real-world study, conducted on participants in the Pfizer BNT162b2 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine trial, examined the effects of wildfire smoke exposure on long-term vaccine immunity.
methodsWe recruited 52 healthy, nonsmoking individuals (aged 26-83 years) who were either vaccinated (group 1 [n = 28]) or injected with placebo (group 2 [n = 24]) during conditions of heavy wildfire smoke. The group 2 subjects underwent vaccination several months later, outside wildfire season. Blood was taken before and 1 month after the vaccine or placebo injections, as well as 6 months after vaccination. We analyzed levels of intracellular cytokines, B-cell, and natural killer (NK) cell markers by flow cytometry, as well as serum immunoglobulin levels against common coronaviruses by using multiplex assays.
resultsA robust spike receptor-binding domain (S-RBD)-specific IgG response was observed 1 month after booster and declined variably 6 months later. Wildfire smoke acutely increased IL-13 expression by CD56
conclusionWildfire smoke may lead to inappropriate immunoglobulin production and diminished vaccine immunity. We highlight a previously unrecognized pathway involving NK cell-derived IL-13 and nonspecific B-cell activation and underscore the significance of environmental exposures in shaping immunity.
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