Practical guidance for monitored anesthesia care during awake craniotomy.

Monitored anesthesia care is a feasible option for anesthetic management during awake craniotomy. Patients selected for surgery are thoroughly evaluated by anesthesiologists, primarily focusing on their risk for airway emergencies, such as respiratory depression and obstruction, throughout the procedure. For patients with relative contraindications, a tailored approach is used to assess their suitability. Neuropsychiatric counseling is also helpful for enhancing the patient's ability to participate in and perform the necessary tasks during brain mapping. Building good rapport with the patient is essential for the success of awake craniotomy, as it helps foster trust and cooperation. Analgesia during awake craniotomy is primarily achieved through scalp nerve blocks or infiltration. Among the six scalp nerve blocks, I have described the zygotemporal nerve block in detail. Proper positioning is crucial for both the surgical approach and the safety and comfort of the patient. Even when local anesthetics are effectively administered, many patients may still experience mild to moderate pain during the procedure. This pain is common and transient, typically occurring around the temporal region. In some cases, sedatives or additional analgesics may be necessary. Serious adverse events can arise, including those that require urgent life-saving interventions or those that interfere with brain mapping and the patient's ability to perform tasks. However, MAC in neurosurgery offers the potential for an improved quality of life for individuals with brain tumors or epileptic seizures, as well as for those with disabilities, such as the deaf or visually impaired, in the future.