Observational studyEuropean journal of pain (London, England)2025
Development and Validation of a Short Version (PAIC6) of the Pain Assessment in Impaired Cognition Scale.
Observational study in European journal of pain (London, England), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Pain management in the perioperative orthogeriatric setting: Recommendations of the special interest group Orthogeriatrics of the German Geriatrics Society.Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie · 2026Guideline
- Advances in orofacial pain research: a bibliometric analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Orofacial pain and dementia: a brief narrative review of associations, putative mechanisms, and relevant clinical considerations.Odontology · 2026Review
- Pain differences in cognitive impairment appear only during active motor tasks.Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundObserver pain scales are commonly used to assess pain in individuals with impaired cognition. However, nursing staff have highlighted that extremely tight time schedules and increasing workload demands prevent regular use. With the development of a short version of the Pain Assessment in Impaired Cognition (PAIC15), we aimed to reduce implementation barriers in everyday clinical practice.
methodsWe developed a new 6-item short version (PAIC6) in a first sample (N = 59) and validated its psychometric properties in a second sample (N = 250) of older individuals with cognitive impairments. The item reduction and evaluation involved four steps. First, we used Sample 1 to exclude items based on item quality statistics (e.g., difficulty, reliability). Second, the Partial Credit Model (PCM) was utilised for further reduction using again Sample 1. Third, an expert panel evaluated the preceding steps and suggested a draft short version with six items (PAIC6). Fourth, psychometric properties of the short version were evaluated in the independent Sample 2. Thereafter, the final short version was approved.
resultsThe new PAIC6 showed a high correlation with the total scale PAIC15 (r = 0.870), good reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.684), and high convergent construct validity, as observed by a high correlation with the established Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (r = 0.602).
conclusionsOverall, we developed a valid, reliable, and clinically valuable PAIC6 that allows a more time-efficient pain assessment, by reducing the assessment time from 5 min to approximately 2 min (60% time saving). SIGNIFICANCE: Observer pain scales are commonly used to assess pain in individuals with impaired cognition. However, nursing staff have highlighted that extremely tight time schedules and increasing workload demands prevent regular use. To address this, we developed PAIC6, a short version of the Pain Assessment in Impaired Cognition 15 (PAIC15). PAIC6 includes six items and takes 2 min for completion after training, realising a 60%-time reduction compared to the original scale while keeping the psychometric quality high.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.