Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39920791›Full record

ArticleJournal of nanobiotechnology2025

Platycodon grandiflorum-derived extracellular vesicles suppress triple-negative breast cancer growth by reversing the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and modulating the gut microbiota.

Min Yang, Jia Guo, Jinxian Li, Shuyue Wang, Yuan Sun, Ying Liu, Yinghua Peng

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of nanobiotechnology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
27citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Review
  3. Review
  4. Green nanomedicine for cancer therapy.Chinese medical journal · 2026
    Review
  5. Review
  6. Review
  7. Review
  8. Review
  9. Review
  10. Review
  11. Review
  12. Review
  13. Review
  14. Review
  15. Review
  16. Review
  17. Review
  18. Review
  19. Review
  20. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Min YangInstitute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China.
Jia GuoInstitute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China.
Jinxian LiInstitute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China.
Shuyue WangSchool of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, 130012, China.
Yuan SunInstitute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China.
Ying LiuInstitute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China.
Yinghua PengInstitute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China. pengyinghua@caas.cn.

Funding

Jilin Province Science and Technology Development Plan Project YDZJ202201ZYTS443Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences CAAS-ASTIP-2021-ISAPS
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Despite the approval of several artificial nanotherapeutics for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), significant challenges, including unsatisfactory therapeutic outcomes, severe side effects, and the high cost of large-scale production, still restrict their long-term application. In contrast, plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PEVs) exhibit promising potential in cancer therapy due to their negligible systemic toxicity, high bioavailability and cost- effectiveness. In this study, we developed an alternative strategy to inhibit TNBC via Platycodon grandiflorum (PG)-derived extracellular vesicles (PGEVs). The PGEVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation and sucrose gradient centrifugation method and contained adequate functional components such as proteins, lipids, RNAs and active molecules. PGEVs exhibited remarkable stability, tolerating acidic digestion and undergoing minimal changes in simulated gastrointestinal fluid. They were efficiently taken up by tumor cells and induced increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to tumor cell proliferation inhibition and apoptosis, particularly in the TNBC cell line 4T1. Additionally, PGEVs facilitated the polarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) toward M1 phenotype and increased the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Further in vivo investigations revealed that PGEVs efficiently accumulated in 4T1 tumors and exerted significant therapeutic effects through boosting systemic anti-tumor immune responses and modulating the gut microbiota whether administered orally or intravenously (i.v.). In conclusion, these findings highlight PGEVs as a promising natural, biocompatible and efficient nanotherapeutic candidate for treating TNBC.

Indexed as

Extracellular VesiclesGastrointestinal MicrobiomePlatycodonTriple Negative Breast NeoplasmsTumor MicroenvironmentAnimalsApoptosisCell Line, TumorCell ProliferationFemaleHumansMiceMice, Inbred BALB CReactive Oxygen SpeciesReactive Oxygen SpeciesGut microbiota modulationPlant-derived extracellular vesiclesPlatycodon grandiflorumTNBCTumor immunotherapy

Identifiers

PMID39920791
PMCPMC11804104

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.