ArticlePrehospital emergency care2025
Emergency Medical Services-Led Outreach Following Opioid-Associated Overdose: Frequency, Modality, and Treatment Linkage.
Article in Prehospital emergency care, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Locations of emergency medical services attended non-fatal opioid-involved overdoses, 888 counties, USA, 2022-2024.Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesEmergency medical services (EMS) post-overdose outreach programs expand beyond traditional 9-1-1 response to offer overdose survivors linkage to substance use treatment and other related harm-reducing interventions. Although intuitive and increasingly popular, evidence to define expected outcomes is exceedingly limited. We evaluated process and patient outcomes of one large Midwestern post-overdose outreach program to describe outreach characteristics and linkage to substance use treatment.
methodsThis retrospective cohort study used clinical program records of individuals referred to a multidisciplinary post-overdose outreach program following a non-fatal presumed opioid overdose with emergency response. Measures included (i) number of outreach attempts, (ii) modalities of outreach attempts (in-person visit, text message, letter, phone call, or electronic mail), (iii) outcome of outreach (i.e., if the individual was contacted), (iv) interventions provided including linkage to substance use treatment with coordinated admission and transportation. We used descriptive statistics to report patient characteristics, outreach frequency, outreach modality, successful contact, and treatment linkage through the program.
resultsFrom 2020 to 2022, the program attempted outreach to 3,437 individuals. The median age was 37 years (interquartile range, IQR, 30-47). Most individuals were white/non-Hispanic (
conclusionsPost-overdose outreach initiated by EMS can successfully find and link individuals to substance use treatment following a non-fatal opioid overdose. However, this intervention may be resource intensive, often requiring multiple attempts at outreach and several modalities of interaction to facilitate treatment linkage.
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Registered trials
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