Pinosylvin as a promising natural anticancer agent: mechanisms of action and future directions in cancer therapy.

Cancer is a major global health challenge, with rising incidence necessitating alternative therapies. Pinosylvin, a natural phenolic compound in pine species, has demonstrated notable anticancer properties, making it a promising candidate for cancer treatment. This review synthesizes findings from extensive literature searches across databases, including PubMed and Scopus, to explore pinosylvin's efficacy against cancers like nasopharyngeal, prostate, colorectal, fibrosarcoma, and oral cancers. In vitro and in vivo studies indicate that pinosylvin disrupts cancer cell processes, such as migration and invasion, by targeting molecular pathways including MAPK, ERK, and PI3K. Its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects further support its therapeutic potential. Pinosylvin's anticancer mechanisms involve inhibiting cancer proliferation and metastasis while inducing apoptosis. These effects may be attributed to the compound's ability to modulate critical enzymes and pathways, underscoring its potential as a natural anticancer agent. However, further research, including clinical trials, is required to fully establish its efficacy and applicability in cancer treatment protocols.