ReviewFrontiers in dental medicine2024
Unveiling sex-disparities and the impact of gender-affirming hormone therapy on periodontal health.
Review in Frontiers in dental medicine, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07394400 (A Comprehensive Assessment of the Impact of Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy on Cardiovascular Risk, Metabolic Health, and Mood Disorders in Transgender Individuals.), which is not on this map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Comprehensive Assessment of the Impact of Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy on Cardiovascular Risk, Metabolic Health, and Mood Disorders in Transgender Individuals.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Mapping the subgingival HerBiome and HisBiome over the human healthspan.Journal of periodontology · 2026Article
- Periodontal disease and endocrine imbalance: a molecular pathways perspective.Frontiers in dental medicine · 2026Review
- Sex-Specific Associations with Periodontal Inflammation and Bone Loss: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.Dentistry journal · 2025Article
- The interleukin gene landscape: understanding its influence on inflammatory mechanisms in apical periodontitis.Molecular biology reports · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: As personalized medicine advances, the need to explore periodontal health across different sexes and gender identities becomes crucial. This narrative review addresses the gap in understanding how biological sex and gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) influence periodontitis risk. Results: Research has uncovered significant sex-based immunological disparities driven by X and Y chromosome gene expression and sex-hormones, which may influence susceptibility to periodontitis. Additionally, preliminary findings suggest that GAHT, particularly testosterone therapy in transgender men, could exacerbate pro-inflammatory cytokine production and alter immune cell responses, which may exacerbate inflammatory pathways crucial in the progression of periodontitis. Conversely, the effects of estrogen therapy in transgender women, although less extensively studied, suggest modifications in B cell functionality. These observations highlight the complex role of GAHT in modulating immune responses that are central to the development and exacerbation of periodontal disease. Discussion: The review highlights a complex interaction between sex hormones, gene expression patterns, immune responses, and periodontitis risk. While cisgender males show increased susceptibility to periodontitis that could be linked to specific immune pathways, GAHT appears to modify these pathways in transgender individuals, potentially altering their risk and disease progression patterns. Conclusion: There is a critical need for more focused research on the direct impacts of GAHT on periodontal health. Understanding the nuances of immune modulation by GAHT will aid in crafting personalized periodontal care for transgender individuals, aligning with the broader goals of inclusive and effective healthcare.
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Registered trials
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