Trial reportEuropean journal of clinical nutrition2025
Restoration of gut microbiota with a specific synbiotic-containing infant formula in healthy Chinese infants born by cesarean section.
Trial report in European journal of clinical nutrition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03520764 (A Randomised, Controlled, Double-blind Study to Investigate the Effects of a New Infant Formula on Growth, Safety, and Tolerance in Healthy Term Chinese Infants), which is not on this map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Randomised, Controlled, Double-blind Study to Investigate the Effects of a New Infant Formula on Growth, Safety, and Tolerance in Healthy Term Chinese Infants
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Infant gut microbiota following cesarean section in the Middle East: a multidisciplinary expert consensus based on a targeted narrative review.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Pooled it
- Dynamic Succession of the Early-Life Gut Microbiota and the Regulatory Role of Human Milk Oligosaccharides.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Antibiotic-Driven Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis: Resistome Dynamics, Metabolic Disruption, and Paths to Restoration.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Multi-omics analysis reveals the association of cesarean delivery with altered gut microbial profiles and a Th2-biased immune response in neonates.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Gastrointestinal consequences of cesarean section birth: A systematic review of short- and long-term effects in infancy and beyond.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2026Article
- Early-Life Gut Microbiota: Education of the Immune System and Links to Autoimmune Diseases.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Human milk microbiota: origins, determinants, and roles in maternal-infant microbial transmission and infant microbiome assembly.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundBirth by cesarean section (C-section) is associated with a delayed colonization of bifidobacteria and Bacteroidota species with potential negative health consequences. Previously, an infant formula with a synbiotic mixture of short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scGOS/lcFOS [9:1]) and Bifidobacterium breve M-16V was found to restore the timely colonization of bifidobacteria in C-section born infants. In this study, we investigated the effect of this synbiotic mixture on gut microbiota development in C-section and vaginally-born infants participating in a growth equivalence trial (NCT03520764).
methodsHealthy, fully formula-fed Chinese infants were randomized to receive a partially hydrolyzed whey-based protein formula with the synbiotic mixture (n = 112), or an intact protein formula with scGOS/lcFOS (prebiotic, n = 112). Breastfed infants served as reference group (n = 60). Gut microbiota profiling by 16S rRNA gene sequencing of stools collected at baseline, 17 weeks (end of intervention) and 12 months of age was complemented with analysis of stool pH, short-chain fatty acids, lactic acids, and secretory IgA concentrations.
resultsBoth the prebiotic and the synbiotic formula supported a dominant and diverse infant-type bifidobacterial community, but with increased abundance of Bifidobacterium breve in the synbiotic group. In C-section born infants (54.8% of randomized) the synbiotic but not the prebiotic, enhanced the bifidobacterial species diversity and showed restoration of Parabacteroides at 17 weeks, and Bacteroides spp. at 12 months closer to that of the vaginally-born infants.
conclusionThe synbiotic was confirmed to support the restoration of important gut colonizers in infants born by C-section with effects observed even beyond the intervention period.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.