Trial reportDrug and alcohol dependence2025
Effects of very low nicotine cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and nicotine patches on daily own-cigarette abstinence in a randomized controlled switching trial.
Trial report in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2026Pooled it
- Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionThis research investigated the extent to which three nicotine products promote day-level cigarette substitution during a 1-week switch attempt
methodsAdults who smoked daily but were not motivated to quit were randomized to 4 weeks using: 1) very low nicotine cigarettes (VLNCs), 2) e-cigarettes, or 3) no product. During two separate switch weeks, participants were instructed to abstain from their own cigarettes and switch to using their study product (if assigned one). Participants were also assigned to use active nicotine patches during one switch week and placebo patches during the other. Nightly smartphone surveys assessed use of participants' own-brand cigarettes. Average marginal effects from a logistic regression model characterized effects of trial design variables on day-level own-cigarette abstinence.
resultsParticipants (N = 196) recorded 4998 evening reports. Switch weeks were associated with an average marginal increase in abstinence rate by 27.9 percentage points (p < .001). The switch week effect was significantly larger in the VLNC (35.9 percentage points), and e-cigarette (31.2) groups compared to the no product group (16.4; ps < .05). Use of active patches during the first switch week increased abstinence by 6.9 percentage points on average (p = .010), but use of active patches during the second switch week decreased abstinence probability by 9.6 percentage points (p = .032, difference p = .010)
conclusionsVLNCs and e-cigarettes meaningfully and equivalently increase the probability of day-level abstinence from one's own cigarettes. Transdermal nicotine promotes cigarette substitution, but only when provided early in the switching process.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.