Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39909442›Full record

ArticleMicrobes and environments2025

Size Distribution and Pathogenic Potential of Culturable Airborne Clostridium spp. in a Suburb of Toyama City, Japan.

Makoto Seki, Reika Iwamoto, Jianjian Hou, So Fujiyoshi, Fumito Maruyama, Yukihiro Furusawa, Shigehiro Kagaya, Akihiro Sakatoku, Shogo Nakamura, Daisuke Tanaka

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In one paragraph

Article in Microbes and environments, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Makoto SekiGraduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama.
Reika IwamotoGraduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama.
Jianjian HouCenter for the Planetary Health and Innovation Science (PHIS), The IDEC Institute, Hiroshima University.
So FujiyoshiCenter for the Planetary Health and Innovation Science (PHIS), The IDEC Institute, Hiroshima University.
Fumito MaruyamaCenter for the Planetary Health and Innovation Science (PHIS), The IDEC Institute, Hiroshima University.
Yukihiro FurusawaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University.
Shigehiro KagayaGraduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama.
Akihiro SakatokuGraduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama.
Shogo NakamuraGraduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama.
Daisuke TanakaGraduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Clostridium spp. are anaerobic, Gram-positive, spore-forming bacteria comprising more than 150 species, some of which are important pathogens of humans and animals. Members of this genus have been isolated from a number of environments, but are rarely found in the atmosphere. In the present study, we exami-ned culturable airborne Clostridium spp. and clarified their pathogenicity. We obtained 19 culturable Clostridium isolates from size-fractionated samples collected at a suburban site in Toyama, central Japan. Culturable Clostridium spp. were detected in particles larger than 1.1‍ ‍μm, and the size distribution peaked at 2.1-3.3‍ ‍μm, corresponding to the spore size of Clostridium spp. More Clostridium spp. were detected in coarse particles >2.1‍ ‍μm not only by culture methods, but also by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) identified seven Clostridium species, among which Clostridium perfringens was predominant. Moreover, WGS revealed that C. perfringens isolates harbored many virulence and antibiotic resistance genes with the potential to cause gas gangrene. The detection and characterization of potential airborne pathogens are crucial for preventing the spread of diseases caused by these pathogens. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that anaerobic Clostridium spp. may be transported under aerobic conditions in the atmosphere and pose potential risks to human health.

Indexed as

Air MicrobiologyClostridiumCitiesDNA, BacterialGas GangreneGenome, BacterialHumansJapanParticle SizePhylogenyRNA, Ribosomal, 16SVirulenceVirulence FactorsWhole Genome SequencingDNA, BacterialRNA, Ribosomal, 16SVirulence Factorsantibiotic resistance genesbioaerosolsClostridiumsporobiotavirulence genes

Identifiers

PMID39909442
PMCPMC11946412

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.