Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39907495›Full record

ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2025

Long COVID Incidence Proportion in Adults and Children Between 2020 and 2024: An Electronic Health Record-Based Study From the RECOVER Initiative.

Hannah Mandel, Yun J Yoo, Andrea J Allen, Sajjad Abedian, Zoe Verzani, Elizabeth W Karlson, Lawrence C Kleinman, Praveen C Mudumbi, Carlos R Oliveira, Jennifer A Muszynski and 36 more

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Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
41citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

41 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
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  4. Review
  5. Evolutionary Predictors of Post-COVID Syndrome.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026
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  16. Serum zinc level independently predicts need for inpatient intubation among patients hospitalized with COVID-19: A prospective observational study.Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · 2026
    Observational
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

46 authors.

Hannah MandelDepartment of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-5685-9602
Yun J YooDepartment of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2144-8480
Andrea J AllenApplied Clinical Research Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Sajjad AbedianInformation Technologies and Services Department, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Zoe VerzaniDepartment of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6183-9254
Elizabeth W KarlsonDepartment of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Lawrence C KleinmanDepartment of Pediatrics and Child Health Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
Praveen C MudumbiDepartment of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-3792-1789
Carlos R OliveiraDepartment of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases & Global Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1897-6581
Jennifer A MuszynskiDivision of Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
Rachel S GrossDepartment of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-4613-6985
Thomas W CartonLouisiana Public Health Institute, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0059-1990
C KimRECOVER Patient, Caregiver, or Community Advocate Representative, New York, New York, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3881-1592
Emily TaylorRECOVER Patient, Caregiver, or Community Advocate Representative, New York, New York, USA.
Heekyong ParkResearch Information Science and Computing, Mass General Brigham, Somerville, Massachusetts, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9481-3288
Jasmin DiversDepartment of Biostatistics, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, New York, USA.
J Daniel KellyDepartment of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7616-0321
Jonathan ArnoldDivision of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1185-555X
Carol Reynolds GearyDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1143-7147
Chengxi ZangDepartment of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.
Kelan G TantisiraDivision of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
Kyung E RheeDepartment of Pediatrics, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5816-5869
Michael KoropsakDepartment of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.
Sindhu MohandasDivision of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Andrew VaseyDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
Abu Saleh Mohammad MosaDepartment of Biomedical Informatics, Biostatistics and Medical Epidemiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8956-1466
Melissa HaendelDepartment of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
Christopher G ChuteDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Shawn N MurphyDepartment of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Lisa O'BrienRECOVER Patient, Caregiver, or Community Advocate Representative, New York, New York, USA.
Jacqueline SzmuszkoviczDivision of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Nicholas GutheRECOVER Patient, Caregiver, or Community Advocate Representative, New York, New York, USA.ORCID 0009-0003-8409-4605
Jorge L SantanaSchool of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.ORCID 0000-0003-2822-3401
Aliva DeDepartment of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6995-5823
Amanda L BogieDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0642-9310
Katia C HalabiDepartment of Infectious Disease, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8306-7360
Lathika MohanrajDepartment of Adult Health and Nursing Systems, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Nursing, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
Patricia A KinserDepartment of Adult Health and Nursing Systems, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Nursing, Richmond, Virginia, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9319-8922
Samuel E PackardDepartment of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA.
Katherine R TuttleProvidence Medical Research Center, Providence Inland Northwest Health, Spokane, Washington, USA.
Kathryn HirabayashiApplied Clinical Research Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Rainu KaushalDepartment of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.
Emily PfaffDepartment of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina  USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6840-9756
Mark G WeinerDepartment of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5586-9940
Lorna E ThorpeDepartment of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Richard A MoffittDepartment of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2723-5902

Funding

OTA-21-015A Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Initiative: NYU Langone Health Clinical Science Core, Data Resource Core, and PASC Biorepository CoreOT2HL161847 · NHLBI · NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE · PI GROSS, RACHEL SHARON, HORWITZ, LEORA · 2021 to 2025
$651.0M
Clinical Epidemiology of Pediatric COVID-19 and MIS-CK23AI159518 · NIAID · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI OLIVEIRA, CARLOS RAFAEL · 2021 to 2024
$729k
National Institutes of Health (NIH) OT2HL161847NHLBI NIH HHS OT2 HL161847NIAID NIH HHS K23 AI159518
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundIncidence estimates of post-acute sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, also known as long COVID, have varied across studies and changed over time. We estimated long COVID incidence among adult and pediatric populations in 3 nationwide research networks of electronic health records (EHRs) participating in the RECOVER (Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery) Initiative using different classification algorithms (computable phenotypes).

methodsThis EHR-based retrospective cohort study included adult and pediatric patients with documented acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and 2 control groups: contemporary coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-negative and historical patients (2019). We examined the proportion of individuals identified as having symptoms or conditions consistent with probable long COVID within 30-180 days after COVID-19 infection (incidence proportion). Each network (the National COVID Cohort Collaborative [N3C], National Patient-Centered Clinical Research Network [PCORnet], and PEDSnet) implemented its own long COVID definition. We introduced a harmonized definition for adults in a supplementary analysis.

resultsOverall, 4% of children and 10%-26% of adults developed long COVID, depending on computable phenotype used. Excess incidence among SARS-CoV-2 patients was 1.5% in children and ranged from 5% to 6% among adults, representing a lower-bound incidence estimation based on our control groups. Temporal patterns were consistent across networks, with peaks associated with introduction of new viral variants.

conclusionsOur findings indicate that preventing and mitigating long COVID remains a public health priority. Examining temporal patterns and risk factors for long COVID incidence informs our understanding of etiology and can improve prevention and management.

Indexed as

COVID-19Electronic Health RecordsAdolescentAdultAgedChildChild, PreschoolFemaleHumansIncidenceMaleMiddle AgedPost-Acute COVID-19 SyndromeRetrospective StudiesSARS-CoV-2Young AdultCOVIDEHRselectronic health recordslong COVIDpublic health surveillance

Identifiers

PMID39907495
PMCPMC12272849

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