ArticleMolecular biology and evolution2025
Genome Assembly of a Living Fossil, the Atlantic Horseshoe Crab Limulus polyphemus, Reveals Lineage-Specific Whole-Genome Duplications, Transposable Element-Based Centromeres, and a ZW Sex Chromosome System.
Article in Molecular biology and evolution, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Pax6 homologs are required for patterning both visual systems of the daddy-longlegs Phalangium opilio.Molecular biology and evolution · 2026Article
- Evolutionary dynamics of the arthropod molting machinery.Molecular biology and evolution · 2026Review
- B chromosomes put the 'super' in supernumerary.Trends in genetics : TIG · 2026Review
- Big Spider, Big Genome: Chromosome-Level Genome of a North American Tarantula (Aphonopelma marxi) and Comparative Genomics Across 300 Million Years of Spider Evolution.Genome biology and evolution · 2026Article
- Centromeres drive and take a break.Chromosome research : an international journal on the molecular, supramolecular and evolutionary aspects of chromosome biology · 2025Review
- Centromeric transposable elements and epigenetic status drive karyotypic variation in the eastern hoolock gibbon.Cell genomics · 2025Article
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15 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Horseshoe crabs, considered living fossils with a stable morphotype spanning ∼445 million years, are evolutionarily, ecologically, and biomedically important species experiencing rapid population decline. Of the four extant species of horseshoe crabs, the Atlantic horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, has become an essential component of the modern medicine toolkit. Here, we present the first chromosome-level genome assembly, and the most contiguous and complete assembly to date, for L. polyphemus using nanopore long-read sequencing and chromatin conformation analysis. We find support for three horseshoe crab-specific whole-genome duplications, but none shared with Arachnopulmonata (spiders and scorpions). Moreover, we discovered tandem duplicates of endotoxin detection pathway components Factors C and G, identify candidate centromeres consisting of Gypsy retroelements, and classify the ZW sex chromosome system for this species and a sister taxon, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda. Finally, we revealed this species has been experiencing a steep population decline over the last 5 million years, highlighting the need for international conservation interventions and fisheries-based management for this critical species.
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