ArticleBMC public health2025
The global burden of chronic respiratory diseases attributable to tobacco from 1990 to 2021: a global burden of disease study 2021.
Article in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Proteome-wide genetic analyses identify ASGR1 as a potential biomarker linking smoking with ischemic heart disease.Nature cardiovascular research · 2026Article
- Article
- Revealing inequities in chronic respiratory disease (CRD) care: An adapted Photovoice qualitative study in Malaysian primary care settings.NPJ primary care respiratory medicine · 2026Article
- Amplifying the voices of people with chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) care through photovoice: a case study of patient and public involvement in Klang, Malaysia.Research involvement and engagement · 2026Article
- The global burden of lower respiratory infections attributable to smoking and secondhand smoke, 1990-2021, with projections to 2050: a systematic analysis of the GBD 2021 study.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2026Article
- The disease burden attributable to tobacco use in China and its provinces from 1990-2023: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023.Military Medical Research · 2026Article
- A Pharmacological Update and Safety Analysis of Medications for Smoking Cessation: Which Ones to Use?Current pharmaceutical design · 2026Review
- Cardiac disorders associated with compound long-acting bronchodilators for inhalation: a pharmacovigilance analysis of the FDA adverse event reporting system database.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- The burden of inflammatory bowel disease in five East Asian countries an analysis based on the global burden of disease study 1990-2021.BMC gastroenterology · 2025Article
- Global, regional, and national burden and trends of depressive disorders among women of childbearing age from 1990 to 2021: insights from GBD 2021.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Global burden of low back pain attributable to smoking in 204 countries and territories in 1990-2021.Frontiers in public health · 2025Observational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTobacco is a major risk factor for chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs), yet the global distribution and trends of tobacco-related CRD burdens remain inadequately explored.
methodsThis study extracted data on mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), and age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) related to tobacco-attributable CRDs from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. Joinpoint regression was used to identify temporal trends in age-standardized rates (ASR), while autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) forecasting was applied to project future trends in ASMR and ASDR for tobacco-related CRDs.
resultsIn 2021, global tobacco-related CRD deaths and DALYs reached 1,545,686 (95% UI: 1,144,476-1,942,541) and 33,014,429 (95% UI: 24,275,462 - 40,930,821), representing increases of 25.43% and 15.64%, respectively, since 1990. Elderly individuals and males showed a higher disease burden. Between 1990 and 2021, ASMR [average annual percentage change (AAPC) = -2.009 (95% CI: -1.8915 to -2.1263)] and ASDR [AAPC = -2.1057 (95% CI: -2.0123 to -2.199)] for tobacco-related CRDs showed a declining trend globally, with autoregressive integrated moving average forecasting suggesting continued declines in ASMR and ASDR in the future. Regionally, South Asia, East Asia, and Oceania had the highest CRD burdens, while country-specific data indicated that Nepal, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, Kiribati, and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea bore significant burdens. The ASMR and ASDR of tobacco-related CRDs were highest in regions and countries with Socio-Demographic Index values between 0.4 and 0.5.
conclusionAlthough global tobacco-related CRD deaths and DALYs have continued to increase, ASMR and ASDR are on the decline, with variations across geographic regions. Prevention and control strategies tailored to country-specific disease prevalence are essential to mitigate these burdens.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.