ArticleBMC psychiatry2025
Clinical symptoms and functional impairment in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) co-morbid tic disorder (TD) patients: a cluster-based investigation.
Article in BMC psychiatry, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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5 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Systematic Literature Review on Public Health Impacts of Persistent Tic Disorders: Education and Employment.Clinical child and family psychology review · 2026Pooled it
- Machine learning-based screening model for Tic disorders comorbid with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and SHAP value interpretation: a retrospective observational study.Scientific reports · 2026Observational
- Nationwide survey of psychopathology and bullying in tic disorders with and without ADHD.Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health · 2026Article
- Neurodevelopmental disorders and the gut microbiome: insights into ADHD and tic disorders.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Subtypes of tic disorders in children and adolescents: based on clinical characteristics.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
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8 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and tic disorder (TD) are two common neurodevelopmental disorders that frequently occur in childhood, and these two disorders often coexist. Cluster analysis provides a novel perspective on the heterogeneity of these commonly observed clinical disorders.
methodsWe recruited patients with comorbid ADHD and TD from Beijing Children's Hospital between May 2022 and August 2023, collecting data on their symptoms and functional impairments. The number of clusters was determined using the elbow method, and K-means clustering was conducted. Fisher discriminant analysis and silhouette score were used for validation. Additionally, we assessed premonitory urge, strengths, and difficulties among groups. We also collected samples with ADHD alone and performed cluster analyses.
resultsThe number of clusters for the ADHD comorbid TD sample was determined to be two by the elbow method. The results of the cluster analysis showed that the ADHD comorbid TD sample could be divided into the severe TD group and the severe ADHD group. The severe TD group exhibits more pronounced tic symptoms, yet their age, ADHD symptoms, and functional impairment are all significantly lower than those of the severe ADHD group. Compared to samples with ADHD alone, the distribution of age and functional impairment among individuals does not change with the addition of TD symptoms, maintaining a parallel relationship with the severity of ADHD symptoms.
conclusionPatients with co-occurring ADHD and TD can be classified into two clusters based on age, symptoms, and functional impairment. In clinical interventions for these patients, while ADHD may require more attention, it is also crucial to identify the core symptoms of the patients. The heterogeneity in clinical symptom presentations highlights the need for individualized treatment approaches.
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