Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39904321›Full record

ArticleNeuroepidemiology2026

Secular Trends in the Incidence of Encephalitis and Outcomes of Postencephalitic Epilepsy in Taiwan: A Nationwide Population-Based Study.

Yi-Shan Wang, Chi Fan, Ju-Yin Hou, Yi-Ting Cheng, Yi-Hsuan Liu, Cheng-Yen Kuo, Jainn-Jim Lin, Chang-Fu Kuo, Kuang-Lin Lin, I-Jun Chou

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Neuroepidemiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Yi-Shan WangDivision of Pediatric Neurology, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
Chi FanDivision of Pediatric Neurology, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
Ju-Yin HouDivision of Pediatric Neurology, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
Yi-Ting ChengDivision of Pediatric Neurology, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
Yi-Hsuan LiuDivision of Pediatric Neurology, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
Cheng-Yen KuoDivision of Pediatric Neurology, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
Jainn-Jim LinDivision of Pediatric Critical Care and Pediatric Neurocritical Care Center, Chang Gung Children's Hospital and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
Chang-Fu KuoCenter for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
Kuang-Lin LinDivision of Pediatric Neurology, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
I-Jun ChouDivision of Pediatric Neurology, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan, chouijun@gmail.com.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundEncephalitis can lead to significant disability among survivors. Up-to-date estimates of encephalitis incidence and the risk of postencephalitic epilepsy (PE) are crucial for informing health policy.

methodsWe used the National Taiwan Insurance Research Database to estimate the standardized incidence of encephalitis for each year from 2003 to 2017. We analyzed PE among these cases.

resultsFrom 2003 to 2017, the age- and sex-standardized incidence of encephalitis increased from 5.95 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.61-6.28) to 10.46 (95% CI: 10.04-10.87) per 100,000 person-years, with an annual percentage change of 1.6% (1.1-2.2, p < 0.05). However, yearly variation was observed. The incidence was consistently higher in patients under 18 years than in those aged ≥ 18 years throughout the study period. In 2017, the highest annual incidence was seen in adults aged ≥ 70 years and in children aged 1-4 years. Approximately 20% of the survivors developed PE within 5 years, with the highest risk observed in infants under 1 year of age.

conclusionThe overall incidence of encephalitis in Taiwan increased from 2003 to 2017. Pediatric patients, particularly those under 1 year of age, are more vulnerable to encephalitis and its long-term complications, including PE, compared to adults, except for those aged ≥ 70 years.

Indexed as

EncephalitisEpilepsyAdolescentAdultAgedChildChild, PreschoolFemaleHumansIncidenceInfantMaleMiddle AgedTaiwanYoung AdultEncephalitisEpilepsyIncidenceMortality

Identifiers

PMID39904321
PMCPMC12867497

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.