Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39903594›Full record

ArticleCentral European journal of public health2024

Risk of metabolic syndrome linked to tobacco smoking and caffeine consumption among Palestinian university students.

Ahmad Farhoud, Ibrahim Mahamid, Mohab Najjar, Anas Owda, Omar Safarini, Majdeddin MohammedAli, Ammar Thabaleh, Ahmed Mousa, Abdulraziq Zarour, Yazan Alhabil and 3 more

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Article in Central European journal of public health, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Ahmad FarhoudDepartment of Medicine, Medicine and Health Science Faculty, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
Ibrahim MahamidDepartment of Medicine, Medicine and Health Science Faculty, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
Mohab NajjarDepartment of Medicine, Medicine and Health Science Faculty, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
Anas OwdaDepartment of Medicine, Medicine and Health Science Faculty, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
Omar SafariniDepartment of Medicine, Medicine and Health Science Faculty, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
Majdeddin MohammedAliDepartment of Medicine, Medicine and Health Science Faculty, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
Ammar ThabalehDepartment of Medicine, Medicine and Health Science Faculty, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
Ahmed MousaBiomedical Department, Medicine and Health Science Faculty, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
Abdulraziq ZarourBiomedical Department, Medicine and Health Science Faculty, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
Yazan AlhabilDepartment of Medicine, Medicine and Health Science Faculty, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
Lubna SuadiFamily and Community Medicine Department, Medicine and Health Science Faculty, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
Zaher NazzalFamily and Community Medicine Department, Medicine and Health Science Faculty, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
Basma DamiriDrug and Toxicology Division, Medicine and Health Science Faculty, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesThe aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its association with the use of tobacco smoking and caffeine consumption among Palestinian university students.

methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in 2020 among university students at An-Najah National University in the West Bank. MetS was diagnosed according to the National Cholesterol Education Programme. We employed adjusted multiple logistic regression models to address the association between MetS and tobacco smoking and caffeine consumption.

resultsThe number of participants was 392. The findings revealed that 9.2% of the students met the diagnostic criteria for MetS, with a significantly higher prevalence in males (14.1%) than females (4.8%) (p = 0.001). The study highlighted various substance use rates among participants: 20.2% smoked cigarettes, 28.6% smoked waterpipes, 5.6% smoked e-cigarettes, and 39% consumed energy drinks. Coffee (83.9%) and black tea (84.7%) were also widely consumed. Mean values of triglyceride level (p = 0.006), systolic blood pressure (p < 0.001), and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.016) were higher in cigarette smokers than nonsmokers. Energy drink consumers had higher levels of triglycerides than non-consumers (p = 0.015). Tea consumers had decreased mean values of fast blood sugar (p = 0.020) than non-users. The adjusted binary regression revealed that cigarette smokers were at greater risk of MetS (OR = 3.48, p = 0.009), and black tea consumers were less likely to have MetS (OR = 0.37, p = 0.032). Furthermore, increased BMI was associated with an increased risk of MetS (OR = 1.09, p = 0.008). Moreover, waterpipe smokers were at a higher risk of having high triglyceride levels (OR = 5.18, p = 0.027).

conclusionThe study illustrates the health implications of tobacco and energy drink consumption on MetS among Palestinian university students, underlining waterpipe smoking as a pressing health concern linked to elevated triglycerides. These results clarify the MetS burden in Palestine and explore new risks and protective factors.

Indexed as

ArabsCaffeineMetabolic SyndromeStudentsTobacco SmokingAdultCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle EastPrevalenceRisk FactorsUniversitiesYoung AdultCaffeinecaffeine addictioncigarette smokingmetabolic syndrometobacco productswaterpipe smoking

Identifiers

PMID39903594

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.