ArticleDiabetes care2025
Repeated OGTT Versus Continuous Glucose Monitoring for Predicting Development of Stage 3 Type 1 Diabetes: A Longitudinal Analysis.
Article in Diabetes care, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Impact of screening programmes for type 1 diabetes in youth: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2026Pooled it
- GLP1-E2 therapy delays autoimmune diabetes in late-stage prediabetic NOD mice and potentiates low-dose anti-CD3 therapy for enhanced disease protection.Diabetologia · 2026Article
- Glucose Dysregulation as a Driver of Autoimmune Mimicry, Inflammation, and Psychiatric Symptoms: A Narrative Review.Biology · 2026Review
- Toward Personalized Medicine in Type 1 Diabetes: Understanding How Patient Heterogeneity Influences Therapeutic Efficacy.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Review
- Continuous glucose monitoring as a tool in early-stage type 1 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2026Review
- Teplizumab treatment for stage 2 type 1 diabetes: a real-world evaluation of metabolic and immunological outcomes.Diabetologia · 2026Observational
- Type 1 Diabetes and Other Autoimmune Diseases-Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Screening.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2026Review
- Optimizing Type 1 Diabetes Screening in People With Family History: A German Perspective.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2025Review
- Continuous glucose monitoring in Korean pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes: current landscape and clinical implications.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2025Article
- Global challenges in diabetes research and care: which way forward? An appraisal from the EASD Global Council.Diabetologia · 2025Review
- Continuous Glucose Monitoring in People at High Risk of Diabetes and Dysglycaemia: Transforming Early Risk Detection and Personalised Care.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Are We Ready With Prevention for Type 1 Diabetes?Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews · 2025Review
- Article
- Type 1 diabetes risk factors, risk prediction and presymptomatic detection: Evidence and guidance for screening.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Review
- Immune cell-adipose tissue crosstalk in metabolic diseases with a focus on type 1 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
17 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveEvidence for using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) as an alternative to oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) in presymptomatic type 1 diabetes is primarily cross-sectional. We used longitudinal data to compare the diagnostic performance of repeated CGM, HbA1c, and OGTT metrics to predict progression to stage 3 type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsThirty-four multiple autoantibody-positive first-degree relatives (FDRs) (BMI SD score [SDS] <2) were followed in a multicenter study with semiannual 5-day CGM recordings, HbA1c, and OGTT for a median of 3.5 (interquartile range [IQR] 2.0-7.5) years. Longitudinal patterns were compared based on progression status. Prediction of rapid (<3 years) and overall progression to stage 3 was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) areas under the curve (AUCs), Kaplan-Meier method, baseline Cox proportional hazards models (concordance), and extended Cox proportional hazards models with time-varying covariates in multiple record data (n = 197 OGTTs and concomitant CGM recordings), adjusted for intraindividual correlations (corrected Akaike information criterion [AICc]).
resultsAfter a median of 40 (IQR 20-91) months, 17 of 34 FDRs (baseline median age 16.6 years) developed stage 3 type 1 diabetes. CGM metrics increased close to onset, paralleling changes in OGTT, both with substantial intra- and interindividual variability. Cross-sectionally, the best OGTT and CGM metrics similarly predicted rapid (ROC AUC = 0.86-0.92) and overall progression (concordance = 0.73-0.78). In longitudinal models, OGTT-derived AUC glucose (AICc = 71) outperformed the best CGM metric (AICc = 75) and HbA1c (AICc = 80) (all P < 0.001). HbA1c complemented repeated CGM metrics (AICc = 68), though OGTT-based multivariable models remained superior (AICc = 59).
conclusionsIn longitudinal models, repeated CGM and HbA1c were nearly as effective as OGTT in predicting stage 3 type 1 diabetes and may be more convenient for long-term clinical monitoring.
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