ArticleRSC advances2025
Holistic analysis of Ganga basin water quality: a statistical approach with WQI, HMCI, HMQI and HRI indices.
Article in RSC advances, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The Ganga river, one of the largest and most culturally significant rivers in India, supports millions of people living along its banks. However, extensive use and untreated wastewater discharge have led to significant contamination. This study utilizes land use and land cover (LULC) analysis, along with regular water sampling from 2021 to 2222, to assess variations in physical, chemical, and biological characteristics and evaluate health risks posed by heavy metals across eight monitoring sites in the Ganga and Yamuna rivers, Prayagraj, India. Results were compared with drinking water standards established by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and the World Health Organization (WHO). The Water Quality Index (WQI) indicated substantial water quality degradation at sites S2 (Ganga) and S8 (Yamuna). Although heavy metal levels (Cu, Fe, Cd, Pb, Mn, Cr) fluctuated across sites, Pb and Cd frequently exceeded permissible limits. Health Risk Assessment (HRI) findings pointed to potential health risks at sites S4 (Ganga) and S8 (Yamuna) due to elevated Pb and Cd levels. The Heavy Metal Contamination Index (HMCI) ranged from 733.78 to 981.33, classifying all samples as highly polluted, with Heavy Metal Quality Index (HMQI) values also indicating high risk, especially at sites S4 and S8. Further analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis highlighted correlations among water quality parameters, while Pearson's correlation matrix and heat maps indicated positive relationships for DO, pH, alkalinity, and SO
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.