ArticlePsychiatry and clinical neurosciences2025
Two-year impact of COVID-19: Longitudinal MRI brain changes and neuropsychiatric trajectories.
Article in Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- Longitudinal effects of physical activity on sleep in association with hippocampal-amygdala subfield structure and functional connectivity in Alzheimer's disease.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Trial
- [The importance of psychiatry in the care and research of Post-COVID].Der Nervenarzt · 2026Review
- Neurocognitive and psychological symptoms in post COVID-19 patients (PASC24): prospective cohort study protocol.BMJ open · 2026Observational
- Investigation of BOLD signal intensities in long COVID patients using 7T functional MRI.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Resting-state functional connectivity and cognitive impairment after COVID-19 infection: Evidence from a large-scale fMRI study.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2026Article
- Article
- Longitudinal modeling of Post-COVID-19 condition over three years: A machine learning approach using clinical, neuropsychological, and fluid markers.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Latent brain-cognition dimension indicative of neuroinflammatory basis of Long COVID.Brain communications · 2026Article
- Altered brain tissue microstructure and neurochemical profiles in long COVID and recovered COVID-19 individuals: A multimodal MRI study.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Article
- Brain Volumetric Changes Post-COVID-19: A Systematic Review.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Structural Brain Abnormalities and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Post-COVID Condition.NeuroImmune pharmacology and therapeutics · 2025Article
- Evidence of clinical and brain recovery in post-COVID-19 condition: a three-year follow-up study.Brain communications · 2025Article
- Altered putamen connectivity in patients with neurological post-COVID condition.Brain communications · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
18 authors.
Funding
Abstract
aimUp to 10% of SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals suffer from post-COVID-19 condition, marked by fatigue and cognitive dysfunction as major symptoms. Longitudinal studies on neuropsychological and clinical trajectories and related brain changes are scarce. Here, we aimed to examine their evolution up to 2 years post-infection.
methodsIn a multi-center, longitudinal study of 79 post-COVID patients (mean age 46, 48 female) with persistent symptoms and 21 age- and sex-matched never-infected, healthy controls (mean age 42, eight female), we analyzed neuropsychological performance, self-reported outcomes and associated neuroimaging alterations of resting-state functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging data 23 months post-infection.
resultsIn post-COVID patients 23 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection we observed (1) that fatigue severity had reduced but still remained present in most patients, (2) widespread brain changes involving the brainstem, the pre- and postcentral gyrus and the limbic olfactory network, (3) a weakening of self-reported fatigue and its cerebral associations. Notably, findings of brain aberrations were more pronounced in hospitalized patients.
conclusionOur findings indicate that complex brain adaptations take place up to 2 years following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Some regions manifest enduring abnormalities while others undergo restitution. The attenuation of radio-clinical associations suggests a compensatory function for these regions, pointing to non-brain intrinsic factors to sustain persistent fatigue.
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