ReviewBiology of sex differences2025
Sex and gender differences in the molecular etiology of Parkinson's disease: considerations for study design and data analysis.
Review in Biology of sex differences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed.
- Baseline peripheral inflammatory profiles predict phenoconversion in prodromal Parkinson's disease: a longitudinal cohort study.Clinical autonomic research : official journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society · 2026Article
- Advances in sex-specific single-cell transcriptomic profiling in Parkinson's disease.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2026Review
- Associations of DTI-ALPS index and choroid plexus volume with clinical severity across the Parkinson's disease spectrum.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2026Article
- DJ-1 in the Neuro-cutaneous Aging Axis: Unifying Pathways of Parkinson's Disease Neurodegeneration, Progression, and Redox-Based Therapeutic Strategies for Healthy Longevity.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Gender-specific gene profiling inIBRO neuroscience reports · 2026Article
- Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles for Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery: A Real Path toward Effective CNS Therapy?ACS biomaterials science & engineering · 2026Review
- High molecular weight insoluble parkin in the substantia nigra of patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2026Article
- Global, regional, and national burden of Early-onset Parkinson's disease: A comprehensive analysis and forecast, 1990-2021.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Article
- Insights from a cross-sectional population-based study of 10,929 Australians living with Parkinson's disease: risk factors, comorbidities, and sex differences.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2026Article
- Microglia-T cell interactions drive α-synuclein pathology in a Parkinson's disease mouse model.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- MAPK/ERK pathway is necessary to the reconsolidation of fear memory in male and female rats.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Sex and gender-related differences in neurological diseases: current challenges and recommendations for clinical practice.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Review
- High-efficacy serum biomarkers PCSK9 and LCAT predict cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Time-dependent changes in stepping performance and velocity following partial dopaminergic lesions in the SNc of male and female rats.PloS one · 2026Article
- Parkinson's Disease: The Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Molecular Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Therapy.MedComm · 2025Review
- Global, Regional, and National Burdens of Parkinson's Disease in Adults Aged 20-50 Years, 1990-2021: A Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Targeting the Milieu in Neurodegenerative Disease: Time for "Imprecision Medicine"?Aging and disease · 2025Review
- Association of the number of minor hallucinations and well-structured visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2025Article
- The Evolving Global Burden of Young-Onset Parkinson's Disease (1990-2021): Regional, Gender, and Age Disparities in the Context of Rising Incidence and Declining Mortality.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
- Application of IVDr NMR spectroscopy to stratify Parkinson's disease with absolute quantitation of blood serum metabolites and lipoproteins.Scientific reports · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is more prevalent in men than women, and presents with different clinical features in each sex. Despite widespread recognition of these differences, females are under-represented in clinical and experimental studies of PD, and much remains to be elucidated regarding the biological underpinnings of sex differences in PD. In this review, we summarize known contributors to sex differences in PD etiology across the life course, with a focus on neurological development and gene regulation. Sex differences that are established at conception and heightened during adolescence and midlife may partially embed future PD risk, due to the complex interactions between gonadal hormones, gene regulation, lifestyle factors, and aging. While the neuroprotective properties of estrogen are strongly implicated in reduced prevalence of PD in women, interactions with genotype and gender-biased lifestyle factors are incompletely understood. Consideration of sex and gender-related factors in study design, data analysis, and interpretation have the power to expedite our knowledge of the etiology of PD in men and in women, and to inform prevention and therapeutic strategies tailored to each sex.
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