ArticleBMC cancer2025
Global, regional, and national burden of pancreatic cancer from 1990 to 2021, its attributable risk factors, and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021.
Article in BMC cancer, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07551388 (Optimal Weight-Based Indocyanine Green Dosage for Fluorescent Cholangiography in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Among Chinese Population：Construction and Validation), which is not on this map. Cited by 50 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Optimal Weight-Based Indocyanine Green Dosage for Fluorescent Cholangiography in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Among Chinese Population：Construction and Validation
Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Neoadjuvant Treatment Versus Upfront Surgery for Resectable Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Pooled it
- The projected rise of pancreatic cancer mortality in Italy: forecasts until 2035.Updates in surgery · 2026Article
- Unveiling the Diagnostic Value and Potential Therapeutic Targets of Phenylalanine Metabolism in Pancreatic Cancer via Integrated Multi-Omics and Machine Learning.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2026Article
- Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome Severity and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer in a Large Prospective Cohort.Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews · 2026Article
- Contemporary Landscape of Active Clinical Trials in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A ClinicalTrials.gov-Based Narrative Review with a Scoping Approach.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Current burden, incidence trends, and future projections of pancreatic cancer in adults worldwide.Journal of global health · 2026Article
- Burden profiles and mortality-attributable risk factors for gastrointestinal cancers: A comprehensive analysis, 1990-2021.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- MASLD and Pancreatic Diseases: From Shared Mechanisms to Clinical Implications and Future Directions.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Daraxonrasib in metastatic pancreatic cancer (RASolute 302): survival breakthrough or real-world access barrier?Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Article
- Comparative risk factors among pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients vs. neuroendocrine and other pancreatic cancer patients.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2026Article
- Declining but uneven: global evolution of maternal hemorrhage burden and its future trajectory.Journal of perinatal medicine · 2026Article
- Trends in Pancreatic Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Net Survival: A Population-Based Analysis in Zurich (Switzerland), 1981-2021.Journal of gastrointestinal cancer · 2026Article
- Serum uric acid and its metabolism-a vital factor in the inflammatory transformation of cancer.Journal of advanced research · 2026Review
- Persistent Global Associations Between Gallbladder-Biliary Diseases and Pancreatic Cancer: Evidence from 204 Countries and Territories Over 32 years.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2026Article
- Review
- Comprehensive review of current management and precision medicine in pancreatic cancer.Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA · 2026Review
- Liver-pancreas communication in disease and drug development.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- Characteristics, Prognosis and Reasons for Opting-Out of Treatment in Patients with Untreated Pancreatic Cancer.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2026Article
- The Multi-Target lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA TRIAD in Pancreatic Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Targeting ATR-CHK1 and ATM-CHK2 Axes in Pancreatic Cancer-A Comprehensive Review of Literature.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe incidence and mortality rates of pancreatic cancer are rising globally. This study examines global and regional trends in pancreatic cancer incidence, Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), and mortality from 1990 to 2021, utilizing data from the most recent Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database.
methodsData were sourced from the GBD database over the period from 1990 to 2021. Age-standardized rates for incidence, DALYs, and mortality were calculated per 100,000 population. We also calculated the proportion of DALYs and mortality attributable to risk factors. The Bayesian age-period-cohort model was applied to project future trends until 2050.
resultsBetween 1990 and 2021, the global incidence of pancreatic cancer increased significantly, with the number of cases rising from approximately 207,905 to 508,533 and the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) increasing from 5.47 to 5.96 per 100,000 population. The global burden of pancreatic cancer, measured in DALYs, rose from 5.21 million to 11.32 million. Mortality rates showed a similar upward trend, with the number of deaths increasing from around 211,613 to 505,752, and the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) rising from 5.655 to 5.948 per 100,000 population. Notable increases in ASIR and ASMR were observed in low-middle and low sociodemographic index regions with males experienced higher rates compared to females. Age-standardized DALYs rate (ASDR) and ASMR worldwide were attributable to tobacco smoking, high BMI, and high fasting plasma glucose. Furthermore, our projection model estimates that the ASIR and ASMR of pancreatic cancer will significantly decline, while the ASDR is anticipated to maintain a steady downward trend by 2050.
conclusionThis study offers a comprehensive analysis of pancreatic cancer trends, providing crucial insights for public health planning and policy-making. Addressing identified risk factors and targeting high-risk populations are essential for effective strategies to reduce the global burden of pancreatic cancer.
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