ArticleAnnals of biomedical engineering2025
Active Arm Swing During Running Improves Rotational Stability of the Upper Body and Metabolic Energy Efficiency.
Article in Annals of biomedical engineering, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Energy-Efficient Motion Simulation of a Bioinspired Variable Stiffness Joint Emulating Elbow Function for Periodic Tasks.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Integrated anthropometric correlates of planned change-of-direction performance (T-test) in male badminton players: a partial least squares regression study.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Aristotle's arm-swing hypothesis: biomechanical evidence from forward and inverse dynamics in an Olympic sprinter.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2026Article
- Pioneers and paradigms in sprint science: a thematic historical mini review.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2026Review
- Effectiveness of Arm Swing Exercise on Comprehensive Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeThe kinematic benefits of arm swing during running for upper body stability have been previously investigated, while its role in metabolic energy efficiency remains controversial. To address this, this study aimed to test the hypothesis that active arm swing during running reduces both torso angular motion around the longitudinal axis and metabolic energy consumption.
methodsWe employed forward dynamics musculoskeletal running simulations with different arm conditions to investigate the hypothesis. Full-body musculoskeletal running models, incorporating 150 muscles, were developed using artificial neural network-based running controllers. Three arm conditions were simulated using the running models and controllers: active arm swing, passive arm swing, and fixed arms.
resultsOur results revealed that the active arm swing model demonstrated the lowest total metabolic energy consumption per traveling distance. The costs of transport were 5.52, 5.73, and 5.82 J/kg-m for active, passive, and fixed arm models, respectively. Interestingly, while metabolic energy consumption in the upper limb muscles was higher during active arm swing, the total energy consumption was lower. Additionally, the longitudinal rotation of the torso was minimal in the active arm swing condition.
conclusionThese findings support our hypothesis, demonstrating that active arm swing during running reduces the angular motion of the torso and the metabolic energy consumption. This study provides evidence that arm swing during running is performed actively as an energy-saving mechanism. These results contribute to understanding of running biomechanics and may have implications for performance optimization in sports and rehabilitation settings.
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