Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39897059›Full record

ReviewComputational and structural biotechnology journal2025

Demystifying the black box: A survey on explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) in bioinformatics.

Aishwarya Budhkar, Qianqian Song, Jing Su, Xuhong Zhang

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Computational and structural biotechnology journal, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
30citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Review
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  14. The Era of Large-Scale Data in Biological Sciences.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026
    Review
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. SpaGene: A Deep Adversarial Framework for Spatial Gene Imputation.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2026
    Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Aishwarya BudhkarDepartment of Computer Science, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University Bloomington, 700 N Woodlawn Ave, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA.
Qianqian SongDepartment of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1889 Museum Rd, Suite 7000, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
Jing SuDepartment of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, HITS 3000 BSAT, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
Xuhong ZhangDepartment of Computer Science, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University Bloomington, 700 N Woodlawn Ave, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA.

Funding

Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis ProgramP30CA082709 · NCI · INDIANA UNIV-PURDUE UNIV AT INDIANAPOLIS · PI David W Clapp · 1999 to 2026
$59.3M
Integrated Therapies for Alcohol use in Alcohol-associated Liver Disease (ITAALD) - Indiana University Data Coordinating CenterU24AA026969 · NIAAA · INDIANA UNIVERSITY INDIANAPOLIS · PI SAMER GAWRIEH, WANZHU TU · 2018 to 2026
$20.2M
All of Us Consortium of CTSA Community Engagement ProgramsOT2OD031919 · OD · UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA · PI COTTLER, LINDA B., EDER, MILTON · 2022 to 2025
$5.0M
Revealing Health Trajectories of Chronic Kidney Disease for Precision MedicineR01LM013771 · NLM · INDIANA UNIVERSITY INDIANAPOLIS · PI SU, JING, ZHANG, PENGYUE · 2022 to 2025
$1.7M
Multi-modal insights of spatially distributed cells with associations of diseases and drug responseR35GM151089 · NIGMS · WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES · PI Qianqian Song · 2023 to 2026
$1.2M
GAIPA: Graph artificial intelligence for precision identification of alcohol use disorderR21AA031370 · NIAAA · INDIANA UNIVERSITY INDIANAPOLIS · PI LIANGPUNSAKUL, SUTHAT, SU, JING · 2024 to 2025
$406k
NCI NIH HHS P30 CA082709NIAAA NIH HHS R21 AA031370NIAAA NIH HHS U24 AA026969NIGMS NIH HHS R35 GM151089NIH HHS OT2 OD031919NLM NIH HHS R01 LM013771
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The widespread adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) tools across various domains has showcased their remarkable capabilities and performance. Black-box AI models raise concerns about decision transparency and user confidence. Therefore, explainable AI (XAI) and explainability techniques have rapidly emerged in recent years. This paper aims to review existing works on explainability techniques in bioinformatics, with a particular focus on omics and imaging. We seek to analyze the growing demand for XAI in bioinformatics, identify current XAI approaches, and highlight their limitations. Our survey emphasizes the specific needs of both bioinformatics applications and users when developing XAI methods and we particularly focus on omics and imaging data. Our analysis reveals a significant demand for XAI in bioinformatics, driven by the need for transparency and user confidence in decision-making processes. At the end of the survey, we provided practical guidelines for system developers.

Indexed as

BioinformaticsBiomedical imagingExplainable AI (XAI)Omics

Identifiers

PMID39897059
PMCPMC11782883

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.