ReviewThe Journal of clinical investigation2025
The gut microbiome and cancer response to immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Review in The Journal of clinical investigation, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 52 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
52 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The use of antibiotic, probiotic, and fecal microbiota transplantation in modulating immunotherapy efficacy and survival: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical outcomes.The oncologist · 2026Pooled it
- Functional convergence amid taxonomic variability in gut microbiome-immune checkpoint inhibitor research: a bibliometric and mechanistic synthesis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- The microbiome-nitric oxide axis in cancer immunotherapy: a targeted qualitative systematic review of mechanistic and translational evidence.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Microbiome-pancreatic cancer crosstalk: From tumor biology to therapeutic intervention.iMetaOmics · 2026Review
- PET/CT imaging for assessment of tumor immunotherapy response: a new perspective on tumor metabolic reprogramming and immune escape.La Radiologia medica · 2026Review
- BRIDGE-KO: auditable transfer learning with bridged knockoffs improves cross-cohort microbiome prediction of immunotherapy response.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2026Article
- The Dual Role of the Gut Microbiota in Cancer Chemoresistance.MicrobiologyOpen · 2026Review
- Emerging Immune-Based Therapeutic Strategies in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver · 2026Review
- Dietary Terpenoids in Advancing Biofilm-Mediated Cancer Prevention: Antibiofilm Cascade, Molecular Crosstalk, and Nano-Facilitated Functional Delivery.Cell biochemistry and function · 2026Review
- Crosstalk Between Opioids and the Anti-Tumour Immune Checkpoint Axis.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2026Review
- Targeting tumor-associated bacteria in digestive system cancers: carcinogenic mechanisms and nano-regulate platform design.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Clinical potential of the gut microbiome in oncology: a scoping review of treatment response, toxicity and biomarker development.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2026Article
- Targeting the Human Gut Microbiota-Between Conventional Therapy and Precision Genetic Engineering.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Re-arming checkpoint blockade in MSS colorectal cancer: A precision-microbiome playbook from mechanisms to clinic.Turkish journal of surgery · 2026Article
- Harnessing the gut microbiota to enhance immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy: from mechanistic insights to clinical translation.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Immunotherapy with guts: a review of microbial therapeutic adjuncts for immunotherapy in solid tumors.The oncologist · 2026Review
- Microbiome-Based Modeling of CAR-T Therapy Response in Lymphoma: Insights From Shotgun Metagenomics Sequencing.European journal of haematology · 2026Article
- Gut Microbiota and Extraintestinal Cancers: Mechanistic Insights and Microbiome-Targeted Interventions.JGH open : an open access journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · 2026Review
- Overcoming tumour resistance in cancer immunotherapy through predictive and pharmacodynamic biomarkers.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Review
- Across the Social Network of the Gut: Bacterial, Fungal, and Viral Determinants of Checkpoint Inhibitor Efficacy and Toxicity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are widely used for cancer immunotherapy, yet only a fraction of patients respond. Remarkably, gut bacteria impact the efficacy of ICIs in fighting tumors outside of the gut. Certain strains of commensal gut bacteria promote antitumor responses to ICIs in a variety of preclinical mouse tumor models. Patients with cancer who respond to ICIs have a different microbiome compared with that of patients who don't respond. Fecal microbiota transplants (FMTs) from patients into mice phenocopy the patient tumor responses: FMTs from responders promote response to ICIs, whereas FMTs from nonresponders do not promote a response. In patients, FMTs from patients who have had a complete response to ICIs can overcome resistance in patients who progress on treatment. However, the responses to FMTs are variable. Though emerging studies indicate that gut bacteria can promote antitumor immunity in the absence of ICIs, this Review will focus on studies that demonstrate relationships between the gut microbiome and response to ICIs. We will explore studies investigating which bacteria promote response to ICIs in preclinical models, which bacteria are associated with response in patients with cancer receiving ICIs, the mechanisms by which gut bacteria promote antitumor immunity, and how microbiome-based therapies can be translated to the clinic.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.