ArticleJournal of the American Heart Association2025
Cerebral Microhemorrhages in Children With Congenital Heart Disease: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Association With Neurodevelopmental Outcomes.
Article in Journal of the American Heart Association, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Brain injury in congenital heart disease: pathophysiology, MRI patterns, and perioperative risk factors.Pediatric research · 2026Review
- Early motor outcomes in infants with complex congenital heart disease: the predictive role of NSE and S100B.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Perioperative mortality and 1-year neurodevelopmental outcome after cardiac surgery prior to 6 weeks of age, requiring perioperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the first year of life.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- Assessment of Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Children With Congenital Heart Disease Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Focus on Brain Volume as a Predictor of Neurodevelopmental Abnormalities.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2025Article
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14 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundInfants with congenital heart disease require early lifesaving heart surgery, which increases risk for brain injury and neurodevelopmental delay. Cerebral microhemorrhages (CMH) are frequently seen after surgery, but whether they are benign or constitute injury is unknown. METHODS AND
resultsOne hundred ninety-two infants with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass were evaluated with pre- (n=183) and/or postoperative (n=162) magnetic resonance imaging. Perioperative risk factors for CMH and neurodevelopmental outcomes were analyzed using linear regression. Eighteen-month neurodevelopmental outcomes were assessed in a subset of patients (n=82). The most common congenital heart disease subtypes were hypoplastic left heart syndrome (37%) and transposition of the great arteries (33%). Forty-two infants (23%) had CMH present on magnetic resonance imaging presurgery and 137 infants (85%) postsurgery. We found no significant risk factors for preoperative CMH. In multivariable analysis, neurodevelopmental duration (
conclusionsCMH are common imaging findings in infants with congenital heart disease, particularly after cardiopulmonary bypass conferring adverse impact on neurodevelopmental outcomes at 18 months. Longer duration of cardiopulmonary bypass and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation use demonstrated greatest risk for developing CMH. However, the presence of CMH on preoperative scans indicates yet unidentified nonperioperative risk factors. Neuroprotective strategies to mitigate CMH risk may improve neurodevelopmental outcomes in this vulnerable population.
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