ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2025
Identifying critical windows of susceptibility to perinatal lead exposure on child serum vaccine antibody levels.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Pregnancy exposure to individual phthalate concentrations and their mixtures in relation to pediatric serum antibody response.European journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Associations of mid-childhood per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and early childhood metals with mid-childhood antibody titers.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that early-life lead exposure alters immune system functions, including T-cell-dependent antibody responses to childhood immunizations. However, no studies have identified critical windows of susceptibility to lead exposure. The aim of this study was to identify perinatal critical windows of lead exposure that are associated with antibody responses to anti-MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella virus) and anti-DTP (anti-diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis toxoids) vaccinations in Hispanic school-aged (mean ± standard deviation: 4.8 ± 0.6 years) children. Weekly lead exposure-from 16 weeks before to 14 weeks after birth-was measured in deciduous teeth from 271 children enrolled in the PROGRESS study. Serum levels of anti-MMR and anti-DTP antibodies were measured by a Luminex multiplexed microbead array immunoassay. Time-varying associations between log2-transformed dentine lead concentrations and log2-transformed antibody levels were estimated by fitting distributed lag nonlinear models. A 2-fold higher dentine lead concentration in the first 3 weeks postpartum was associated with an average -4.29% lower antitetanus level (95% CI, -8.22 to -0.20). A perinatal (1 week before to 1 week after birth) critical window of lead exposure demonstrated an average -3.44% (95% CI, -7.05 to 0.30) lower anti-diphtheria antibody level. Our study suggests that early-life lead exposure may contribute to immune dysfunction by reducing children's antibody responses to scheduled vaccinations.
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