ArticleBMC geriatrics2025
Global burden and cross-country inequalities of nutritional deficiencies in adults aged 65 years and older, 1990-2021: population-based study using the GBD 2021.
Article in BMC geriatrics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- The association between malnutrition awareness and social factors in community-dwelling older adults in the Northern Netherlands: a cross-sectional study.BMC nutrition · 2026Article
- Micronutrient Status, Health Implications, and Assessment Aproaches in Older Adults: A Narrative Review of Recent Studies.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Global, Regional, and National Burden of Oral Diseases in Older Adults Aged 65 Years And Over.International dental journal · 2026Article
- Global burden of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the elderly: a population-based study using GBD 2021.Annals of hematology · 2026Article
- Socioeconomic disparities and nutritional aging: how food insecurity and financial hardship accelerate health decline in older adults.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Dry Fractionation in the Production of Andean Grain Protein Concentrates: Future Trends in Food Sustainability.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- A Body Shape Index mediates the associations of geriatric nutritional risk index with activities of daily living disability in an older rural population in Guangxi, China.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Article
- Global, regional, and national burden of vitamin A deficiency (1990-2021) and projections to 2042: associations with sociodemographic development.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Global, regional, and national burden of gastric cancer attributable to diet high in sodium from 1990 to 2021.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Temporal trends and demographic influences on protein-energy malnutrition in China: a comprehensive analysis from 1990 to 2021.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Analysis of the global burden of neonatal disorders and risk factors from 1990 to 2021: findings from the global burden of disease study 2021.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Epidemiological trends and disparities in iodine, vitamin A, and iron deficiencies among children aged 0-14 years globally, 1990-2021.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
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9 authors.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectivesNutritional deficiencies remain significant public health issues in older populations globally. This study evaluates the burden, trends, and cross-country inequalities of four common nutritional deficiencies (protein-energy malnutrition, iodine deficiency, vitamin A deficiency, and dietary iron deficiency) in older adults from 1990 to 2021.
methodsAge-standardised prevalence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) of these deficiencies in people aged ≥ 65 years at global, regional, and national levels were estimated from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021. Cross-country inequalities in disease burden were quantified using the slope index and concentration index, standard health equity methods recommended by the World Health Organization.
resultsGlobally, age-standardised prevalence rates of protein-energy malnutrition increased from 1407.16 per 100 000 population in 1990 to 2015.58 in 2021, with an AAPC of 1.18 (1.08-1.28), showing significant changes in 2015 and 2019, which were turning points in the joinpoint regression. Age-standardised prevalence rates of iodine, vitamin A, and dietary iron deficiencies decreased, with AAPCs of -0.49 (-0.53 to -0.44), -3.24 (-3.27 to -3.20), and - 0.14 (-0.17 to -0.12), respectively. Except for an increase in the DALY rate of vitamin A deficiency (AAPC 0.40), the DALY rates of the other three deficiencies decreased. Inequality in the burden of protein-energy malnutrition and iodine deficiency between high- and low-income countries narrowed, while inequality for vitamin A and dietary iron deficiencies remained stable. Age-standardised DALY rates for all deficiencies decreased as sociodemographic index increased.
conclusionsThe global status of nutritional deficiency among older adults has improved since 1990, but the increasing prevalence of protein-energy malnutrition requires attention. Additionally, cross-country health inequalities persist, necessitating more efficient public health measures.
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