ArticleOphthalmology2025
Twenty-Year Trends in Prevalence and Incidence of Diabetic Retinal Disease.
Article in Ophthalmology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Cost-effectiveness analysis of anti-VEGF drugs in the treatment of visual impairment due to diabetic macular edema: A systematic review.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- Large language models for primary care ophthalmic education: a systematic review.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Pooled it
- L-Threonic Acid Inhibits Pathological Retinal Neovascularization by Modulation of CCL3-CCR5 Signaling Pathway.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Trends in prevalence and incidence of diabetic retinal disease in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.Journal of diabetes and its complications · 2026Article
- Incidence and Risk Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Study in NGHA, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Scan Density Matters: Reproducibility of AI-Derived OCT Biomarkers in Diabetic Macular Edema.Translational vision science & technology · 2026Article
- Region-Specific Retinal and Choroidal Biomarkers Associated with Visual Outcomes After Anti-VEGF Treatment in Center-Involved Diabetic Macular Edema.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Article
- Article
- Precision Medicine in Diabetic Retinopathy: The Role of Genetic and Epigenetic Biomarkers.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- No evidence that tirzepatide can worsen diabetic retinopathy.Diabetologia · 2025Article
- Article
- Restoring compromised blood-retina-barrier integrity with Netrin-1 overexpression.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2025Article
- Association of Advanced Glycation End Products with Diabetic Retinopathy Severity in Lithuanian Patients.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Observational
- Exome and Genome Sequencing Reveals Novel Variants for Severe Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 1 Diabetes.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Review
- Article
- Evaluating the quality of educational TikTok videos on diabetic retinopathy: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo determine how the rates of diabetic retinal disease (DRD) and its vision-threatening components (VTDR), diabetic macular edema (DME), and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) have changed over the past 20 years.
designRetrospective cohort study.
participantsAll DM patients insured by commercial and Medicare Advantage insurance plans in a claims database from 2000 through 2022 and at least 1 full calendar year of data. Cohorts were created using International Classification of Diseases codes to determine the yearly prevalence and incidence of DRD, VTDR, DME, and PDR.
methodsLogistic and Poisson regression models created prevalence and incidence estimates, respectively.
main outcome measuresDRD, DME, and PDR prevalence and incidence.
resultsThe prevalence of DRD initially decreased from 2001 (13.6%) to 2007 (10.9%), but then increased every year through 2021 (20.8%; P < 0.001, adjusted test for trend [aTT]). Incidence of DRD varied considerably, ranging from 16.9 cases per 1000 patient-years in 2013 to its highest of 32.2 cases per 1000 patient-years in 2021 (P < 0.001, aTT). The prevalence of VTDR and DME trended similarly, with increases from 2007 (VTDR, 5.2%; DME, 3.2%) through 2016 (VTDR, 7.5%; DME, 5.4%), followed by decreases each year through 2021 (VTDR, 6.9%; DME, 4.9%; P < 0.001, aTT). The VTDR and DME incidence rates peaked in 2009 (VTDR, 12.4 cases per 1000 patient-years; DME, 8.6 cases per 1000 patient-years) and decreased through 2022 (VTDR, 6.1 cases per 1000 patient-years; DME, 5.0 cases per 1000 patient-years; P < 0.001, aTT, for both VTDR and DME). Prevalence of PDR varied between 3.2% and 4.0% throughout the 20-year observation period (P < 0.001, aTT). Incidence of PDR decreased over time to 2.6 cases per 1000 patient-years in 2022 (P < 0.001, aTT).
conclusionsDRD prevalence (through 2007) and incidence (through 2014) initially decreased, but the rate of each has doubled since. Despite increases in DRD, incidence rates of VTDR, DME, and PDR have improved dramatically over the past 20 years. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.
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