ArticleJournal of personality2026
Does a Small Country Have Meaningful Regional Personality Differences? The Case of Estonia.
Article in Journal of personality, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Humility Throughout the Lifespan and a Global Pandemic: Evidence From a Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of personality · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundRegional differences in the Big Five personality domains have been observed in several countries at different geographical granularities, often correlating with regional political, economic, social, and health (PESH) indicators.
objectiveWe examined the extent of regional personality differences in Estonia and whether these differences were meaningfully correlated with PESH indicators.
methodsUsing data from the Estonian Biobank (N = 72,268; 7% of the adult population, providing unprecedented representativeness), we tested regional personality differences and their relations with PESH indicators with and without spatial smoothing.
resultsWe found that regional Big Five scores varied by 1.19 (extraversion) to 2.78 (openness) T-score units across counties (N = 15) and by 2.80 (extraversion) to 4.74 (openness) units across municipalities (n = 74). Also, the correlations with the PESH indicators at the county and municipality levels persisted even after controlling for gender, age, and spatial dependency, and were moderately consistent with our predictions (r = 0.23 to 0.30) and between the county and municipality levels (r = 0.41).
conclusionsEstonian residents tended to be similar in personality traits regardless of their location, replicating results from other countries. Yet, small regional personality domain differences could represent valid and possibly consequential psychological variation.
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