ArticleJournal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology2025
Pediatric Exposures Associated with Caffeine Energy Products Reported to United States Poison Centers, 2011-2023.
Article in Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- The effects of energy drink consumption in children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study and the recommendations of the Italian Pediatric Society.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionThis study investigated the characteristics and trends of pediatric exposures to caffeine energy products reported to US poison centers
methodsNational Poison Data System data for caffeine energy product single-substance exposures during 2011-2023 among individuals < 20 years old were analyzed.
resultsThere were 32,482 caffeine energy product exposures reported to US poison centers with a 17.3% exposure rate increase during 2011-2023. Most exposures were among < 6-year-olds (69.6%), males (56.7%), or involved liquid formulations (57.5%). Most (80.7%) were not treated in a healthcare facility; however, 1.6% were medically admitted. Teenagers 13-19 years old were more likely to be medically admitted (OR = 12.74, 95% CI: 10.40-15.60) or have a serious medical outcome (OR = 18.83, 95% CI: 16.88-21.01) than children < 13 years old. Solid energy product formulations were more likely to be associated with a serious medical outcome (OR = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.81-2.17) or medical admission (OR = 5.23, 95% CI: 4.31-6.36) than other types of formulations. During the study period, exposure rates increased for liquid (34.5%) and powder/granules (632.9%) product formulations but decreased for solids (-51.5%). Among liquid formulation subcategories, the exposure rate for beverages increased (46.5%) and that for shots decreased (-86.1%).
conclusionsAlthough most pediatric exposures to caffeine energy products reported to US poison centers were associated with no or minimal clinical effects, serious medical outcomes and medical admissions occurred. The product formulations that drove the 17% increase in the exposure rate changed during the study period. Opportunities exist to reduce the adverse effects of caffeine energy products among the pediatric population.
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