Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39888449›Full record

Trial reportActa diabetologica2025

The effect of bedtime snacks on morning fasting blood glucose in gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial.

Tianli Zhu, Jingjing Liu, Tuyan Fan, Hui Gao, Shuangqin Yan, Xiaomin Jia, Fengyu Yang, Ziwei Ding, Le Wang, Lanfang Zhao and 3 more

Abstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Acta diabetologica, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Tianli ZhuDepartment of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
Jingjing LiuDepartment of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
Tuyan FanDepartment of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
Hui GaoKey Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
Shuangqin YanDepartment of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
Xiaomin JiaMa'anshan Maternal and Child Healthcare (MCH) Center, Ma'anshan, 243011, China.
Fengyu YangDepartment of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
Ziwei DingDepartment of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
Le WangDepartment of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
Lanfang ZhaoDepartment of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
Peng ZhuDepartment of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
Fangbiao TaoDepartment of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
Beibei ZhuDepartment of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China. a513275541@126.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6724-2034

Funding

Key Project of Outstanding Young Talents Support Program for Colleges and Universities gxyqZD2021101the National Natural Science Foundation of China 82073564the Provincial Key R&D Programme of Anhui 202104j07020034
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

importanceWhile guidelines recommend bedtime snacks for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), there is insufficient evidence championed those recommendation.

objectiveTo evaluate if bedtime snacking is effective in preventing high fasting blood glucose incidence among women with GDM.

designAn open-label, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial was conducted from December 2023 to July 2024 at Ma'anshan Maternal and Child Health Care Center, Anhui, China.

interventionsA total of 62 GDM cases at the nutrition clinics were enrolled, and were randomly and equally allocated to groups of bedtime snacks (25 g nuts, intervention group) and no bedtime snacks (control group). The intervention was lasted for 8 weeks, during which fasting blood glucose was measured 3 times per week, 1-hour postprandial glucose and 2-hour postprandial glucose 2 times per week with a home glucometer. In the late pregnancy (approximately at 34 weeks), the glycated haemoglobin, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, total cholesterol were measured in the laboratory and birth outcomes information (birth weight, gestational weeks at delivery, delivery mode) were collected. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcomes were the level of fasting blood glucose and the hyper-fasting blood glucose incidence during 8-week duration. The secondary outcomes were the level of the glycated haemoglobin, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides and total cholesterol in the late pregnancy. Generalized estimating equations and analysis of covariates were conducted for the analysis of the primary outcomes. The multivariate linear regression was conducted for the analysis of the secondary outcomes. Post-hoc analysis was also conducted for the indicators of 1-hour postprandial glucose, 2-hour postprandial glucose and perinatal outcomes applying generalized estimating equations, analysis of covariates, the multivariate linear regression and logistics regression.

resultsAfter adjusting for maternal age, pre-pregnancy body mass index, mid-pregnancy glucose, mid-pregnancy blood lipids and diet in late pregnancy, neither the average fasting blood glucose (control group: 4.90 mmol l

conclusionsBedtime snack did not reduce the risk of morning hyperglycaemia and adverse perinatal outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus, but exacerbated lipid markers and the 1-hour postprandial glucose profile. Our study did not support clinicians and relevant guidelines to recommend bedtime snacking as a form of glycaemic control in women with GDM. Clinical trial identification number: ChiCTR2300078399. URL of the registration site: https://www.chictr.org.cn/bin/project/edit?pid=210400 .

Indexed as

Blood GlucoseDiabetes, GestationalFastingSnacksAdultChinaFemaleHumansPostprandial PeriodPregnancyBlood GlucoseFasting glucoseGestational diabetes mellitusRandomized controlled trailSnacks

Identifiers

PMID39888449

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.