ArticleJournal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines2025
Direct and indirect genetic effects on early neurodevelopmental traits.
Article in Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Disentangling direct and indirect genetic pathways to neurodevelopmental risk: brain structure and behavior in a population-based parent-offspring trio study.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026Article
- The contribution of common and rare genetic variation to emotional and behavioural symptoms in childhood and adolescence.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Indirect genetic effects of siblings.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026Article
- Polygenic scores in psychiatric research and clinical practice.Medizinische Genetik : Mitteilungsblatt des Berufsverbandes Medizinische Genetik e.V · 2026Article
- Direct and Indirect Genetic Effects on Child ADHD Traits in Early and Mid-Childhood: Trio Genome-Wide Complex Trait Analyses in a Large Norwegian Birth Registry Cohort.Behavior genetics · 2026Article
- Maternal health and autism risk: parsing direct and indirect genetic effects using 3-generation family linkage.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Genetic confounding in the associations between maternal health and autism.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Disorder-Specific Genetic Effects Drive the Associations Between Psychopathology and Cognitive Functioning.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Article
- Intra-familial dynamics of mental distress during the Covid-19 lockdown.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Improving estimation efficiencies for family-based GWAS by integrating large external data.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Causal effect of education on low back pain, intervertebral disc degeneration and sciatica: Mendelian randomization study.Future science OA · 2025Article
- Diet as a source of the non-direct genetic effects in metabolic traits: evidence from a family-based GWAS study.Human genetics · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundNeurodevelopmental conditions are highly heritable. Recent studies have shown that genomic heritability estimates can be confounded by genetic effects mediated via the environment (indirect genetic effects). However, the relative importance of direct versus indirect genetic effects on early variability in traits related to neurodevelopmental conditions is unknown.
methodsThe sample included up to 24,692 parent-offspring trios from the Norwegian MoBa cohort. We use Trio-GCTA to estimate latent direct and indirect genetic effects on mother-reported neurodevelopmental traits at age of 3 years (restricted and repetitive behaviors and interests, inattention, hyperactivity, language, social, and motor development). Further, we investigate to what extent direct and indirect effects are attributable to common genetic variants associated with autism, ADHD, developmental dyslexia, educational attainment, and cognitive ability using polygenic scores (PGS) in regression modeling.
resultsWe find evidence for contributions of direct and indirect latent common genetic effects to inattention (direct: explaining 4.8% of variance, indirect: 6.7%) hyperactivity (direct: 1.3%, indirect: 9.6%), and restricted and repetitive behaviors (direct: 0.8%, indirect: 7.3%). Direct effects best explained variation in social and communication, language, and motor development (5.1%-5.7%). Direct genetic effects on inattention were captured by PGS for ADHD, educational attainment, and cognitive ability, whereas direct genetic effects on language development were captured by cognitive ability, educational attainment, and autism PGS. Indirect genetic effects on neurodevelopmental traits were primarily captured by educational attainment and/or cognitive ability PGS.
conclusionsResults were consistent with differential contributions to neurodevelopmental traits in early childhood from direct and indirect genetic effects. Indirect effects were particularly important for hyperactivity and restricted and repetitive behaviors and interests and may be linked to genetic variation associated with cognition and educational attainment. Our findings illustrate the importance of within-family methods for disentangling genetic processes that influence early neurodevelopmental traits, even when identifiable associations are small.
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