ArticleNature communications2025
Monolithic electrostatic actuators with independent stiffness modulation.
Article in Nature communications, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Architected Load Paths Enable Stiffening and Motion Programming in Soft Pneumatic Actuators.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- A biodegradable low-voltage soft actuator with exceptional energy density and ultrafast response.Science advances · 2026Article
- Artificial Muscles: Electrostatic Actuation and Design Tradeoffs.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- 4D-Printed Spin Crossover Metamaterials with Giant Programmable Positive or Negative Thermal Expansion.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Article
- Behavior of Electrothermal Actuator Analyzed by Polynomial Point Interpolation Collocation Method.Micromachines · 2025Article
- The evolution of surgical precision: addressing and advancing the hardware of robotic end-effectors.Surgical endoscopy · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Robotic artificial muscles, inspired by the adaptability of biological muscles, outperform rigid robots in dynamic environments due to their flexibility. However, the intrinsic compliance of the soft actuators restricts force transmission capacity and dynamic response. Biological muscle modulates their stiffness and damping, varying viscoelastic properties and force in interaction with the surroundings. Here we replicate this function in the electro-stiffened ribbon actuator, a monolithic strong actuator capable of high contraction and stiffness modulation. electro-stiffened ribbon actuator employs dielectric-liquid-amplified electrostatic forces for contraction, and electrorheological fluid for rapid (<10 ms) stiffness and damping adjustments. This seamless integration enables contractile force modulation, extending its capability as a lightweight variable resistance passive spring by over 2.5 times, and improves its dynamic responses, with faster contractions and rapid attenuation of oscillations by more than 50%. We demonstrate electro-stiffened ribbon actuator's versatility in active, passive and dual connection functions, including arm-bending wearable robotics, robotic arms with variable impact resistance and muscle-like stiffness and damping modulation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.