ArticleNature communications2025
Pasteurisation temperatures effectively inactivate influenza A viruses in milk.
Article in Nature communications, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed.
- Human milk: insights on cell composition, organoids and emerging applications.Pediatric research · 2026Review
- Stability of influenza viruses in the milk of cows and sheep.The Journal of general virology · 2026Article
- Increased contact transmission of contemporary Human H5N1 compared to Bovine and Mountain Lion H5N1 in a hamster model.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Inactivation of Avian Influenza Virus in Raw Milk Kefir.Food and environmental virology · 2026Article
- Polymerase mutations underlie early adaptation of H5N1 influenza virus to dairy cattle and other mammals.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Methods for detecting highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus in dairy processing environments.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Risk of infection of dairy cattle in the EU with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus affecting dairy cows in the United States of America (H5N1, Eurasian lineage goose/Guangdong clade 2.3.4.4b. genotype B3.13).EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2025Article
- Pasteurized Milk Serves as a Passive Surveillance Tool for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Dairy Cattle.Viruses · 2025Article
- Repeated oral exposure to H5N1 influenza virus in pasteurized milk does not cause adverse responses to subsequent influenza infection.Science advances · 2025Article
- Detection of Hemagglutinin H5 Influenza A Virus RNA and Model of Potential Inputs in an Urban California Sewershed.Environmental science & technology · 2025Article
- Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b in Cattle: A Rising One Health Concern.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Review
- A veterinary virapalooza: a summary of the 2024 American Society for Virology (ASV) Veterinary/Zoonotic Virology Satellite Symposium and online H5N1 panel discussion.Journal of virology · 2025Review
- Rapid risk assessment to address emerging concerns of HPAI in raw and pasteurized milk.PloS one · 2025Article
- A single mutation in dairy cow-associated H5N1 viruses increases receptor binding breadth.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Article
- Avian influenza overview March-June 2024.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
18 authors.
Funding
Abstract
In late 2023 an H5N1 lineage of high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) began circulating in American dairy cattle Concerningly, high titres of virus were detected in cows' milk, raising the concern that milk could be a route of human infection. Cows' milk is typically pasteurised to render it safe for human consumption, but the effectiveness of pasteurisation on influenza viruses in milk was uncertain. To assess this, here we evaluate heat inactivation in milk for a panel of different influenza viruses. This includes human and avian influenza A viruses (IAVs), an influenza D virus that naturally infects cattle, and recombinant IAVs carrying contemporary avian or bovine H5N1 glycoproteins. At pasteurisation temperatures of 63 °C and 72 °C, we find that viral infectivity is rapidly lost and becomes undetectable before the times recommended for pasteurisation (30 minutes and 15 seconds, respectively). We then show that an H5N1 HPAIV in milk is effectively inactivated by a comparable treatment, even though its genetic material remains detectable. We conclude that pasteurisation conditions should effectively inactivate H5N1 HPAIV in cows' milk, but that unpasteurised milk could carry infectious influenza viruses.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.