ArticleJournal of global health2025
Longer recreational screen time contributes to the risk of age-related macular degeneration: a UK Biobank cohort study and two-sample Mendelian randomisation.
Article in Journal of global health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Variations in Macular Pigment Optical Density in Children and Adolescents Depending on Time Spent on Smartphones.Vision (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Recreational screen time (RST) has been found to be associated with cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the association between RST and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), an ocular neurodegenerative disease, is still unclear. We aimed to elucidate the association between RST and AMD. Methods: This study consisted of three parts: 1) a prospective cohort study with 482 939 UK Biobank participants and a 12.8-year median follow-up to explore the association between RST and incident AMD; 2) a two-sample Mendelian randomisation (MR) analysis using summary-level genome-wide association analysis data for RST based on 526 725 European individuals to assess causality between RST and AMD; and 3) a cross-sectional study involving 38 478 UK Biobank individuals with optical coherence tomography data to investigate the link between RST and retinal thickness. Results: Multivariable Cox proportional-hazards models showed that an increase in total daily RST was associated with a greater risk of developing AMD (hazard ratio (HR) per standard deviation (SD) increase = 1.05; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.03, 1.07, P < 0.001). With further analysis, we revealed that daily high RST (>4 h/d) significantly increased the risk of AMD compared with low RST (0-3 h/d) (HR = 1.09; 95% CI = 1.04, 1.15, P = 0.001), while moderate RST (3.5-4 h/d) had no significant effect on AMD. Restricted cubic spline plots revealed a linear dose-response association between RST and AMD. With MR analysis we confirmed the potential causal association between RST and AMD (odds ratio per SD = 1.26; 95% CI = 1.01, 1.59, P = 0.042). Multivariable linear models suggested that an increase in RST was associated with thinning of the outer and inner retinal layers and total macular thickness. Conclusions: Longer RST may be a potential causal risk factor for AMD and may lead to pathological retinal thinning. Reducing RST could be beneficial for preventing AMD, and future research should identify the most effective time points for intervening on RST.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.