ArticlePloS one2025
In vitro cytotoxicity (irritant potency) of toothpaste ingredients.
Article in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Combined High Hydrostatic Pressure and Additive Chemical Treatment Enhances Decontamination Efficiency in Bone Tissue Infected with Staphylococcal Biofilms.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Whitening toothpaste-induced oral mucosal hypersensitivity reaction resembling oral lichenoid reaction: a clinically diagnosed case report.Frontiers in oral health · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeThis study aimed to determine the cytotoxicity (irritant potency) of toothpaste ingredients, of which some had known to have sensitizing properties. MATERIALS: From the wide variety of toothpaste ingredients, Xylitol, Propylene glycol (PEG), Sodium metaphosphate (SMP), Lemon, Peppermint, Fluoride, Cinnamon, and Triclosan and Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) have been selected for evaluation of their cytotoxic properties.
methodsReconstructed human gingiva (RHG) were topically exposed to toothpaste ingredients at different concentrations. The compound concentration resulting in 50% cell death (EC50) and 10% cell death (EC10) was determined by the MTT assay. Detrimental effects in tissue histology were observed by hematoxylin & eosin staining of tissue sections followed by microscopy.
resultsWhile Xylitol, PEG, and SMP did not appear to affect cell viability or tissue histology, the concentrations of Lemon, Peppermint, Cinnamon and SDS present in toothpastes exceeded the EC50 value and resulted in clear detrimental effects in tissue histology, indicating that they could harm the oral mucosa. Triclosan and Fluoride concentrations in the tested toothpastes exceeded the EC10 value but remained below the EC50 value with no clear detrimental effects in tissue histology. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Manufacturers are encouraged to comply with higher standards of quality and safety for toothpaste.
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