ArticleClinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.)2025
Application of the 2021 AAPOS Guidelines in Clinics with Revision and Validation of SPOT Referral Criteria.
Article in Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Childhood visual impairment in Qassim region of Saudi Arabia prevalence causes and risk factors.Scientific reports · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: This study aims to validate and revise the Spot Vision Screener referral criteria for detecting amblyopia risk factors (ARFs), visually significant refractive error (VSRE), and amblyopia. Methods: In clinics, we gathered data from children aged 12 months to 7 years. The validity of the cut-off values was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, with cycloplegic retinoscopy serving as a reference. These results were compared to the age-based 2021 AAPOS diagnostic thresholds. Additionally, this study validated previously reported referral criteria within its population. Results: The study involved 1103 children (347 below four years; 756 aged four years and above). We established optimal cut-off points for hyperopia, myopia, astigmatism, and anisometropia: +2.13D, -2.88D, -2.88D, and 0.88D for children under four years; +1.88D, -1.88D, -2.13D, and 0.88D for those four years and older, forming the "Nanjing Referral Criteria". The Youden index for several existing referral criteria ranged from 0.08 to 0.53 in detecting ARFs & VSRE and from 0.08 to 0.48 for ARFs, VSRE, and amblyopia. Conclusion: The study proposes the "Nanjing Referral Criteria" and its modified version with enhanced specificity for the Spot Vision Screener to optimize vision screening in children. Vision screening programs can utilize this validated data to select referral criteria best suited to their local context.
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