ArticleEFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority2025
Risks to human and animal health from the presence of bromide in food and feed.
Article in EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Scientific Report on consumer health-based guidance values for trifluoroacetic acid.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2026Article
- The 2024 European Union report on pesticide residues in food.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2026Article
- Scientific support for preparing an EU position in the 56th Session of the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues (CCPR).EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2025Article
- The 2023 European Union report on pesticide residues in food.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2025Article
- Risks to human and animal health from the presence of bromide in food and feed.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2025Article
- Safety of mineral salt containing potassium and magnesium as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
35 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The European Commission mandated EFSA to assess the toxicity of bromide, the existing maximum residue levels (MRLs), and possible transfer from feed into food of animal origin. The critical effects of bromide in experimental animals are on the thyroid and central nervous system. Changes in thyroid hormone homeostasis could result in neurodevelopmental toxicity, among other adverse effects. Changes in thyroid hormone concentrations and neurophysiological parameters have also been observed in experimental human studies, but the evidence was limited. Dose-response modelling of decreased blood thyroxine concentrations in rats resulted in a reference point of 40 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day. The Scientific Committee established a tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 0.4 mg/kg bw per day and an acute reference dose (ARfD) of 0.4 mg/kg bw per day to protect against adverse neurodevelopmental effects. The TDI value is supported by the results of experimental human studies with a NOAEL of 4 mg/kg bw per day and 10-fold interindividual variability. The TDI and ARfD are considered as conservative with 90% certainty. Insufficient evidence related to the toxicological effects of bromide was available for animals, with the exception of dogs. Therefore, the reference point of 40 mg/kg bw per day was extrapolated to maximum safe concentrations of bromide in complete feed for other animal species. Bromide can transfer from feed to food of animal origin, but, from the limited data, it was not possible to quantify the transfer rate. Monitoring data exceeded the current MRLs for some food commodities, generally with a low frequency. A conservative safety screening of the MRLs indicated that the TDI and ARfD are exceeded for some EU diets. Dietary exposure assessment for animals was not feasible due to insufficient data. The Scientific Committee recommends data be generated to allow robust dietary exposure assessments in the future, and data that support the risk assessment.
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