ArticleBMC oral health2025
Evaluation of the efficiency of smear layer removal during endodontic treatment using scanning electron microscopy: an in vitro study.
Article in BMC oral health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07353008 (Effect of Different Chelation Protocols on the Healing of Periapical Lesions in Teeth With Chronic Apical Periodontitis), which is not on this map. Cited by 7 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effect of Different Chelation Protocols on the Healing of Periapical Lesions in Teeth With Chronic Apical Periodontitis
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Cyotoxicity of Etidronate as an Endodontic Chelator Against Periodontal Ligament Fibroblast.Australian endodontic journal : the journal of the Australian Society of Endodontology Inc · 2026Article
- Impact of Smear Layer Removal Using Etidronate- and EDTA-Based Irrigation Protocols on Root Canal Microbiota: An In Vivo Study.Dentistry journal · 2026Article
- Efficacy of Etidronic Acid for Smear Layer Removal: A Systematic Review of In Vitro Studies.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2026Review
- Effect of ultrasonic versus laser-activated irrigation on smear layer removal - AnBioinformation · 2026Article
- Smear layer removal by EDTA, citric acid, and maleic acid under five irrigant delivery and activation protocols: anFrontiers in dental medicine · 2026Article
- Effect of EDTA, NaOCl, and HEDP-based irrigants on the mechanical properties of heat treated NiTi endodontic instruments.BDJ open · 2025Article
- Effect of Er: YAG laser, phthalocyanine activated photodynamic therapy, and bioactive glass nanoparticles on smear layer removal and push out bond strength of quartz fiber posts to canal dentin: a SEM assessment.Frontiers in dental medicine · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe smear layer formed during root canal instrumentation negatively affects root canal irrigation activity, which in turn can affect the treatment prognosis of endodontic treatment.
aimThe aim of this study is to compare the efficiency of smear layer and debris removal in root canals using different irrigation protocols using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). MATERIALS AND
methodsThe quality of smear layer removal throughout the root canal was assessed in 30 intact extracted teeth divided into 3 groups according to the irrigation protocol: Group 1: 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCL) alternately with 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acetate (EDTA) was used. Group 2: 3% NaOCL alternately with 9% etidronate solution diluted with distilled water and Group 3: 9% etidronate solution diluted in 3% NaOCL. The quality of smear layer removal was assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The nonparametric Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the protocols of irrigations.
resultsThe study showed significant differences in the quality of smear layer removal in the apical part of the root canal. The best results were obtained in the groups using 9% etidronate and 9% etidronate solution diluted in 3% sodium hypochlorite. Conducting a comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of removing the smear layer using 3% NaOCL + 17% EDTA, 3% NaOCL + 9% etidronic acid diluted with distilled water, 3% NaOCL + 9% etidronic acid diluted with 3% hypochlorite showed greater effectiveness of protocols using etidronate. When comparing statistical data, protocols using etidronate were 4 times more effective than EDTA.
conclusionThe smear layer formed during mechanical treatment of the root canal was better removed during irrigation with etidronate solution.
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