ArticleJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2026
Race and Ethnicity as Factors in Healthcare Discrimination in the United States: A Cross-Sectional Study.
Article in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Strengthening legal safeguards against genetic discrimination: review and recommendations for Malaysia.Journal of community genetics · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
background and purposeDiscrimination is the unfair or prejudicial treatment of people and groups based on certain characteristics. Discrimination in health care can impede access to quality care for patients and lead to poor health outcomes. This study aimed to investigate factors, including race and ethnicity, associated with discrimination in health care in the United States.
methodsA cross-sectional study utilizing the 2021 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) was conducted. Adults (≥ 18 years old) who responded to questions about discrimination in health care were identified. Population characteristics were summarized using weighted mean, standard deviation, and percentages. A weighted t-test for continuous variables and a chi-square test for categorical variables were used to compare subject characteristics. Weighted logistic regression was used to explore factors associated with discrimination in health care, while controlling for important covariates.
resultsA total of 238,097,086 participants (unweighted n = 17,239) were included in the study. Average (SD) age of the population was 48 (18) years old in 2021 and 52% were female. Compared to non-Hispanic White population, non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic other races were more likely to experience discriminated when receiving health care by 285% (OR = 3.85, p < 0.001) and 207% (OR = 3.07, p < 0.001), respectively. Females were also more likely to experience discrimination than males (OR = 1.97, p < 0.001). Other factors associated with discrimination in health care were asthma diagnosis, being a smoker and poverty.
conclusionDiscrimination in health care is associated with being part of a minority racial and ethnic groups, being female, being an older individual, being a smoker and living in poverty. These associations may contribute to inequitable health outcomes in the United States.
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