Signatures of natural selection may indicate a genetic basis for the beneficial effects of oily fish intake in indigenous people from coastal Ecuador.

Atahualpa is a rural village located in coastal Ecuador, a region that has been inhabited by people as early as 10,000 years ago. The traditional diet of their indigenous inhabitants is rich in oily fish and they have, therefore, served as a model for investigating the beneficial effects of such a diet. However, the genetic background of this population has not been studied. In this study, we sequenced the genomes of Atahualpa residents to look for variants under natural selection, which could mediate the effects of oily fish intake. DNA was extracted from 50 blood samples from randomly selected individuals recruited in the Atahualpa Project Cohort. After applying various filters, we calculated genome-wide genotype likelihoods from 33 samples, and combined data from those samples with data from other populations to investigate how the Atahualpa population is genetically related to these populations. Using selection scans, we identified signals of natural selection that may explain the above-mentioned dietary effects. The genetic ancestry of Atahualpa residents is 94.1% of Indigenous American origin, but is substantially diverged from other indigenous populations in neighboring countries. Significant signatures of natural selection were found in the Atahualpa population, including a broad selection signal around the SUFU gene, which is a repressor of Hedgehog pathway signaling and associated with lipid metabolism, and another signal in the upstream region of LRP1B which encodes low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein 1B. Our selection study reveals genes under selection in the Atahualpa population, which could mediate the beneficial effects of oily fish intake in this population.